X Power Tools By Chris Tyler
December 2007
Pages: 270

Cover | Table of Contents | Colophon

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Index

[ Symbols ], [ Numbers ], [ A ], [ B ], [ C ], [ D ], [ E ], [ F ], [ G ], [ H ], [ I ], [ J ], [ K ], [ L ], [ M ], [ N ], [ O ], [ P ], [ Q ], [ R ], [ S ], [ T ], [ U ], [ V ], [ W ], [ X ], [ Z ],

Symbols[ Top ]
& (ampersand), background operation of commands, 112
* (asterisk), mouse key, 38
# (hash mark) beginning comment lines, 32
- (minus) mouse key, 38
+ (plus sign) mouse key, 38
/ (slash) mouse key, 38

Numbers[ Top ]
0 key (mouse key), 38
32-bit systems, 19
      using 24-bit RGB values, 138
5 key (mouse keys), 38

A[ Top ]
Above keyword (screen positioning), 72
absolute pointing devices, 12
absolute X-Y pixel position (screens), 71
accelerated graphics port (AGP), 17
acceleration
      accel option (video driver), 57
      mouse, 103
acceleration factor, 103
accented characters, 13
access control, 182
      host-based, 182
      magic cookies and xauth utility, 183-185
      SECURITY extension, 186
      tunneling with SSH, 188
additive color systems, 135
additive primaries, 135
AGP (accelerated graphics port), 17
AGP bus, scanning, 48
AIX and HP/UX systems, CDE desktop, 118
aliasing (monochrome fonts), 142
AllowClosedownGrabs option, 92
AllowDeactivateGrabs option, 92
AllowMouseOpenFail option, 81
Alt, Ctrl, and Shift keys, 161
AlwaysCore argument, 80
analog connection, video cards, 18
antialiasing, 142
      enabling/disabling or adjusting, 158
Apache web server, configuring Java applet VNC servers, 205
applet tags (Java VNC viewer), 202, 206
application clients, 8
ARGB visuals, 138
Argyll (color management system), 140
ASCII-based terminal emulators, 116
Asian languages, keyboard input methods, 13
Athena project widgets, 11
ATI drivers, 56
      closed-source driver fglrx, multiple outputs, 77
      open-source driver radeon, multiple outputs, 77
audio feedback scripts, 102
autologin, 30
AZERTY keyboards, 13

B[ Top ]
background operation, 112
bandwidth, 181
      LBX (low-bandwidth X), 187
bash shell, PROMPT_COMMAND environment variable, 117
bell facility, 101
      audio feedback scripts, 102
Below keyword (screen positioning), 72
binaries (compiled for one platform but executed on another), 22
BIOS-controlled keyboard(s), 49
bitmapped fonts, 144
bluetooth connection, pointing devices, 12
boolean values, video device driver options, 56
booting the system
      enabling or disabling display manager, 28
      kiosks, 232
      runlevels, 28
bootloaders
      grub, changing into different runlevel, 28
      LILO, changing runlevel, 29
Bourne syntax, exporting DISPLAY variable, 21
broadcast queries, 178
build information, 62
bus interface, 17
bus mice, kernel drivers, 83
Buttons option (InputDevice section), 224

C[ Top ]
CAB format archives, 157
cabextract program, 157
calculators, 118
      xcalc, kcalc, and gnome-calculator, 9
CapsLock, NumLock, and ScrollLock LEDs, 104
cathode ray tube (see CRT monitors)
CDE (Common Desktop Environment), 118
      Motif/OpenMotif toolkit, 10
character mode (display), 25
character terminals, 115
character-based applications, 115-117
      using with X, 116
choosers (display managers), 179
chroot environment, 210
chvt command, 36
click-to-focus policy, 90
client appearance, 6
client system, 9
clients
      application, 8
      GNOME session, 125
      preconfigured, started by display manager, 27
      running X clients, 112-117
            background operation, 112
            geometry (window), 113-115
            nongraphical applications, 115-117
      saving state, session manger and, 120
      starting X server with, on need basis, 35
      trusted and untrusted, 23
      Xfce sessions, 129
      xterm client connecting to X server, 27
clipboard, 88-90
clipboard managers, 89
clocks, 118
cmdline file, 41
CMS (color management system), 140
CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) color system, 135
code examples from this book, xi
color, 135-141
      CMS (color management system), 140
      color code of selected pixels in the display, 105
      gamma, 138-140
      monochrome fonts, 142
      perception of color, 136
      RGB and other color systems, 135
      video cards, 18
      visuals, 136-138
color depth
      commonly used depths, 64
      default depth of a screen, 47, 64
      Xinerama configuration, 68
color lookup tables (CLUT), 137
color spaces, 135
      gamut, 136
color targets, 141
color triplets, 58
colorimeters, 141
colormaps, 137
command line, configuration file for X.org server, 41
comments, 32
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE), 136
Common Desktop Environment (CDE), 118
      Motif/OpenMotif toolkit, 10
compat (XKB keymaps), 162
compose key, 13, 161
Composite extension, 22
      transparency information (ARGB visuals), 138
composite signals, 16
compositing manager, 8
compression
      lbxproxy and, 188
      SSH, 189
-config argument, x command, 32
configuration, toolkits and, 5
configuration, X.org server, 40-66
      changing resolution dynamically, 85
      color names, 58
      differences between Xinerama and multi-screen modes, 69-71
      enabling DPMS, 54
      gamma correction factors, 139
      location of configuration file, 41
      monitor scan rates, 59-62
      mouse with a scrollwheel, 53
      multiple outputs from single video card, 77-79
      multi-screen, 67
      overlapping Xinerama, 72-74
      parallel keyboards, 81
      parallel pointing devices, 79
      pointer device, 51
      positioning screens, 71-72
      reading server log files, 62-64
      resolution of a screen, 65
      scrolling virtual screens and Xinerama, 74
      self configuration, 43
      Synaptics TouchPad, 53
      two-button mouse, 52
      using X with GPM or MOUSED, 83
      video card driver options, 56
      Xinerama, 68
      xorg.conf file, 44-46
            InputDevice section, 49
            Monitor section, 48
            optional sections, 49
            Screen section, 47
            ServerLayout section, 46
connections, devices on the system, 82
consoles, virtual (see virtual terminals)
copy, cut, or paste operations
      clipboard, 88
      copying and pasting text, 87
core fonts, 142-149
      configuring the font path, 143-145
      font names, 146-148
            patterns in font names, 148
            selecting a font with xfontsel, 148
      installing and removing fonts, 148
      old X versus new X, 142
      types or groups of fonts, 144
      using a font server, 145
CoreKeyboard option, 83
CorePointer argument, 80
CRT (cathode ray tube) monitors, 14
      energy savings, 55
      gamma, 138
      kiosk applications, 220
      refresh rates, 60
      use with Xinerama, 69
cryptography (public-key), using with SSH, 190
      passphrase protecting SSH keys, 191
csh shell
      cwdcmd, precmd, and postcmd aliases, 117
      exporting DISPLAY variable, 21
CSV (comma-delimited values), keyboard groups, 166
Ctrl key, 161
Ctrl-Alt-Backspace keystroke combination, bailing out of X server, 39
Ctrl-Alt-Keypad Divide, 92
Ctrl-Alt-Keypad Multiply, 92
curses library, controlling the terminal, 115
cursors, default in X, 229
cyan, magenta, yellow, black (CMYK color system), 135

D[ Top ]
DACs (digital-to-analog converters), 18
DAMAGE extension, 22, 210
data types, clipboard operations and, 90
d-config.keyboard files, 169
dcopserver (KDE), 126
DDC (Display Data Channel), 59
dead keys, 13
Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG), 11
Debian Linux, starting display manager, 29
default.session file, 124
-depth (command-line) option, 64
depth of a screen (see color depth)
depth variable (vncserver), 197
desktop environments, 10, 118
      differences between multi-screen and Xinerama modes, 69-71
      layer in X-based window GUIs, 8
      Old versus New X, 5
      started by display manager, 27
desktop environments (continued)
      using window managers independently, 129-132
      virtual desktops, 120-122
desktop switcher, 120
desktop-oriented open source software development, 11
/dev/mouse symlink, 51
development eras for X, Old versus New, 5
Device section (xorg.conf), 44, 48
      video card configuration, multiple outputs, 78
      video card driver options, 56
devices file, 81
DevName option, 82
DevPhys option, 82
Differential X Protocol Compressor (dxpc), 188
Digital Light Processor (DLP) chips, 15
Digital Signal Processor (DSP), 12
digital visual interface (DVI) connections (monitors), 16
digital-to-analog converters (DACs), 18
direct queries, 178
Direct Render Interface (DRI), xorg.conf, 50
DirectColor visuals, 137
display, 3, 7
      configuration (xdpyinfo command), 96
      configuring for Xdmx, 234
      cross-platform display system (see VNC)
      defined, 19
      magnifying and examining (xmag), 105
      pixel color, managing, 136
      screens and Xinerama, 19
      TCP/IP ports, 21
Display Data Channel (DDC), 59
DISPLAY environment variable, 21
display hardware, 5
      components, 11
      (see also hardware)
display managers, 8
      chooser, hosts for indirect queries, 179
      enabling/disabling at boot time, 28
      knowing how it starts, 30
            direct starts with init, 30
      managing remote displays, 176
            GDM, 177
            KDM, 177
            XDM, 177
      started by an init script, 31
      starting additional X servers on demand, 33
            using gdmflexiserver, 34
            using KDM, 34
      starting by typing command name at root shell prompt, 29
      starting multiple X servers, 31
            using GDM, 32
            using XDM or earlier KDM versions, 31
      starting the X server, 27
      switching, X GUI layers and, 8
display modes, 25
display number, 20
      kiosk script testing, 232
      specifying with startx, 35
      specifying with Xnest, 36
      Unix domain sockets, 21
      VNC standing servers, 199
      vncviewer, 198
      Xvnc started with inetd, 209
Display Power Management Signaling (see DPMS)
display specifications (or displayspec), 20
Display subsection (Screen)
      Modes entry, 65, 85
      Viewport entry, 66
      virtual screen size, 66
DisplayPort connectors, 17
displayspec, 175
DMX Console, 234
DMX (Distributed Multihead X)
      considerations when configuring, 234
      Xdmx server, 233
dot clock, 64
double-dash (--), separating client arguments with startx, 35
DPMS (Display Power Management Signaling)
      DPMS extension, 23
      enabling, 54
      preventing unwanted screen blanking, 108
DRI (Direct Render Interface), xorg.conf, 50
drivers, video card, 48
      multiple output capability, 77
DSP (Digital Signal Processor), 12
DVI (digital visual interface) connections, 16
dxpc (Differential X Protocol Compressor), 188

E[ Top ]
EDID (Extended Display Identification Data), 64
editor mode, 29
editors
      terminals, use of, 115
      vi, running in a terminal window, 117
electromagnetic radiation in CRTs, 14
electronic paper (or electronic ink) displays, 15
Emulate3Buttons option, 52
      Synaptics TouchPad, 53
Emulate3Timeout option, 52
encryption, video signal, 18
energy savings, 54
English North American keyboards, 13
/etc/X11/xorg.conf file, 42
Evolution client
      starting with GNOME desktop, 125
      starting with KDE desktop, 127
Extended Display Identification Data (EDID), 64
extensions to the X server, 22
      key extensions in widespread use, 22

F[ Top ]
failover systems, 181
fc-cache utility, 156
fc-list utility, 156
Fedora Linux
      default.session, 124
      GDM configuration files, 32
      prefdm script, 31
      xfs font server, 145
fglrx (ATI closed-source driver), 77
Files section (xorg.conf), 50
      FontPath entries, 143
      RGBPath entry, 58
Firefox browsers
      clipboard data, 89
      monitoring in kiosk script, 232
      resetting to specified page in kiosks, 229
Firefox -remote argument, 226
firewall, bypassing when using VNC, 215
flat-panel technologies (display), 15
focus, 90
focus-follows-pointer, 90
font servers, 145
      specifying server in FontPath entries, 143
      xfs font server, 145
fontconfig, 150
      configuration of rendering, 157
      fc-cache utility, 156
      fc-list utility, 156
      font names, 155
            online documentation of font properties, 155
      Microsoft fonts, obtaining and installing, 157
fontglide hack, 111, 229
FontPath, 63
fonts
      core, 142-149
            configuring the font path, 143-145
            installing and removing, 148
            naming and selecting, 146-148
            types or groups, 144
            using a font server, 145
      new, 150-160
            adding and removing manually, 151
            adding and removing with KDE, 153
            client-side fonts, 150
            fontconfig font names, 155
            fontconfig utilities, 156
            installing Microsoft fonts, 157
            rendering options, 157-160
      Old versus New X, 5
fonts.cache files, 156
fonts.dir file, 148
forwarding (X11), 189
framebuffer, 17
      screen image representations, 18
      size in bytes, 19
FreeBSD
      display manager, 31
      MOUSED daemon, 84
      virtual terminal (VT) capabilities, 26
freedesktop.org, 5, 11
fully qualified domain name (FQDN), 119
fvwm2 window manager, 122

G[ Top ]
gamma, 138-140
      gamma correction, 138
            setting permanently for X.org server, 139
      testing and adjusting monitor gamma, 140
      xgamma client program, 139
GAMMApage software, 140
gamut (color spaces), 136
gdm command, 29
GDM display manager
      chooser, 180
      remote sessions, 177
      started by init, killing and restarting, 30
      starting additional X servers with gdmflexiserver, 34
      starting multiple X servers, 32
      toolkit, 27
gdm-binary, killing the display manager, 30
gdmflexiserver command, 33
      starting additional X servers, 34
geometry, 113-115
      command-line specification for fullscreen kiosk application, 224
      vncserver variable, 197
      XKB keymaps, 162
geometry specification, 113
getconfig.pl script, 42
global variables, vncserver script, 197
GLslideshow hack, 229
GLX extension, 23
glyphs, 142
GNOME, 5, 118
      desktop switcher, 121
      display manager (see GDM display manager)
      font rendering preferences tool, 157
      GTK+ toolkit, 10
      Metacity window manager, 122
      Nautilus file manager, URI for fonts, 151
      remote access tool (Vino), 212
      session manager, 120
      starting through its session manager, 123-125
            client information, 125
            editing default session, 124
            exiting session, 124
            manually, with X server, 123
            when another session manager is running, 125
            window managers, 123
gnome-calculator, 9
Gnome-clipboard-manager, 90
gnome-display-properties, 87
gnome-terminal, 116
      basic command-line options, 116
      geometry specifications, 115
GPM (General Purpose Mouse), 83
gpmdata file, 83
GPU (graphics processing unit), 17
grabbing, keyboard, 90
grabbing, mouse, 90
graphical mode (display), 25
      returning to, 29
graphics processing unit (GPU), 17
groups, keyboard layout, 166
grub bootloader, changing runlevel, 28
GTK+ toolkit, 5, 10
      geometry specification on command line, 115
      Xfce lightweight desktop environment, 128
GUIs (graphical user interfaces)
      differences in windows' behavior and appearance, 9
      display system versus, 3
      layers of an X-based GUI, 6

H[ Top ]
HandleSpecialKeys option, 92
hardware
      access to, kernel vs. user-space drivers, 24
      bell implementation on PC, 101
      display, 5
            components, 11
      keyboards, 13
      kiosks, 219-221
      monitors, 14-17
            connections, 16
            video signal timing, 15
      pointing devices, 12
      video cards, 17-19
HDMI (high definition multimedia interface), 17
Heartbeat (failover system), 181
high-bandwidth digital content protection (HDCP), 16
hinting (antialiasing), 158
horizontal and vertical sync frequencies, 60
      calculating horizontal frequency, 61
      log file information, 64
      relaxing range restrictions, 61
HorizScrollDelta and VertScrollDelta options, 54
host (displayspec), 20
      blank or unix value, 21
hostnames, 119
      system running VNC client software, 193
hosts
      access control based on, 182
      remote access
            accessing session on a specific host, 178
            X server and client, 175
      vncviewer, 198
-httpd argument (Xvnc), 199
-httpport option (Xvnc), 199
hw_cursor and sw_cursor options (video card driver), 58

I[ Top ]
ICC (International Color Consortium), 140
ICE (Inter-Client Exchange) protocol, 119
ID value (GNOME session clients), 125
identifiers (xorg.conf sections), 46
ideographs, 13
id_rsa file, 191
independent software vendors (ISVs), 4
index page (index.html), 206
indirect queries, 179-181
inetd
      configuring for new VNC service, 208
      starting VNC on demand, 204
      Xvnc started with, display number, 209
init command
      configuring to start kiosk script, 233
      display manager starts, 30
      runlevels, changing, 29
      s or S runlevel, 28
      startup scripts to start display manager, 31
initialization script (KDE), 126
inittab file
      changing default runlevel, 29
      disabling character-mode logins in runlevel 4, 232
      entries to start standing VNC servers, 199
      initdefault line, 233
inner and outer case (kiosks), 221
input devices, specialized, 23
InputDevice section (xorg.conf), 44, 49
      accepting input only from a USB keyboard, 82
      Buttons option, 224
      CorePointer and SendCoreEvents entries, 80
      Emulate3Buttons option, 52
      GPM mouse, 83
      mouse with a scrollwheel, 53
      MOUSED, using, 84
      specifying specific keyboard, 81
      Synaptic TouchPad configuration, 53
      Xkb keyboard map, specifying, 167
interaction with the X server, 85
Inter-Client Exchange (ICE) protocol, 119
International Color Consortium (ICC), 140
International Commission on Illumination, 136
invitations (KRfb), 210

J[ Top ]
Java applets (VNC)
      customizing viewer applet web page, 199-202
      using viewer applet with on-demand VNC servers, 204
      X application embedded in a web page, 206-210
Java viewers (VNC), 193
JavaScript, invoking a full-screen browser window, 224

K[ Top ]
kcalc, 9
kcminit, 126
KDE desktop environment, 5, 118
      adding and removing fonts with Konqueror, 153
      display manager (see KDM display manager)
      font rendering preferences tool, 159
      krandr program, 87
      kwin window manager, 122
      Qt toolkit, 10
      remote desktop access tool (KRfb), 210
      session manager, 120
      starting, 126-127
            adding program to standard, system-wide startup, 127
            ksmserver process starting the desktop session, 127
            saving session state at logout, 127
      starting a reserve server, 34
KDE loadable modules (KLMs), 126
KDM display manager, 27
      chooser, 181
      killing, 30
      remote sessions, 177
      starting addition X servers, 34
      starting multiple X servers, 31, 32
kdmrc file, 32, 177
      specifying reserve servers, 34
kernel (Linux)
      boot arguments, adjusting, 29
      OS Kernel version, 62
      user-space drivers versus, for video card access, 24
key symbols (keysyms), 222
keyboard groups, 161, 166
keyboard maps, 161
keyboard/mouse/video (KVM) switches, 60
keyboards, 9, 13
      association with virtual terminal, 25
      focus and, 90
      grabbing, 90
      groups, using, 166
      kiosk applications, 220
            controlling the keyboard, 222
      LEDs, using to display other information, 104
      parallel, 81
      repeat rate, adjusting, 102
      viewing or printing keyboard layout, 170-172
      XKB extension, 161-172
            compiling keyboard maps, 169
            components, 162
            location of files, 162
            rule-based keymap selection, 163-166
            setting keymap from command line, 168
            setting keymap in xorg.conf, 167
            setting keymap using configuration file, 169
      XKEYBOARD extension, 24
keycodes (XKB keymaps), 162
keymaps (XKB)
      components, 162
      setting from command line, 168
      setting keymap in xorg.conf file, 167
      (see also keyboards; XKB extension)
keypress events, translation to ASCII sequences, 116
keystroke combination (Ctrl-Alt-Backspace) to bail out of X server, 39
killing X clients (xkill), 105
kiosks, 219-235
      booting, 232
      configuring X for, 221
      controlling the keyboard, 222
      controlling the mouse, 223
      creating a video wall, 233-235
      monitoring of network status, 225-228
      refining appearance, 229
      resetting using xscreensaver, 228
      scripting a kiosk (example), 230-232
      selecting hardware, 219-221
            keyboard, 220
            monitor, 220
            pointer, 220
            system unit, power supply, and ventilation, 221
      starting a single fullscreen application, 224
klauncher, 126
Klipper, 90
KLMs (KDE loadable modules), 126
konsole, 116
      basic command-line options, 116
      geometry specifications, 115
Koren, Norman, 140
krandr applet, 87
ksmserver, 126
      starting the desktop session, 127
KVM (keyboard/mouse/video) switches, 60
kwin window manager, 122

L[ Top ]
latency, 181
      LBX (low-bandwidth X), 187
layout identifier, 46
LBX (low-bandwidth X), 23, 187
LBXproxy, 187
lbxproxy
      limitations of, 188
      setting up, 188
LCDs (liquid crystal displays), 14
      energy savings, 55
      font rendering, subpixel hinting, 158
      gamma, 138
      kiosk applications and, 220
      scan rates, 60
      thin-bezel, use with Xinerama, 69
LEDs, keyboard, 104
      group status, displaying, 167
LeftOf keyword (screen positioning), 72
LessTif project, 11
LessTif version, Motif Window Manager (MWM), 20
LILO bootloader, 29
Linux
      booting into runlevels, 28
      GPM, using, 83
      mouse pointers, 51
      RealVNC and TightVNC, 194
      shell script for audible feedback with bell on WiFi link quality, 102
      startup scripts to execute the display manager, 31
      switching virtual terminals, 25
      switchto or chvt command, 36
      virtual terminal (VT) capabilities, 26
liquid crystal displays (see LCDs)
LittleCMS, 140
local connections, 21
locking screensavers, keyboard grabs and, 92
log files, reading server log files, 62-64
-logverbose level command-line option, 64
look and feel of applications, 9
low-bandwidth X (see LBX)
Lprof (profile editor), 141
ls utility, 115

M[ Top ]
Mac OS, VNC server, 193
Macintosh, mouse, 87
magic cookies, 183-185
      attributes, 186
      cross-referencing server to lbxproxy, 188
      removing, 185
      use in SSH tunneling, 189
magnifying part of the display (xmag), 105
map, keyboard, 13
Map State (windows), 98
mapping and unmapping windows, 121
      desktop background images, 122
markers (server log files), 62
mcookie command, 185
media players, 8
memory, video cards, 17
Metacity window manager, 122
mice
      adjusting mouse acceleration, 103
      association with virtual terminal, 25
      configuring a mouse with a scrollwheel, 53
      configuring two-button mouse, 52
      controlling on a kiosk, 223
      focus in widows, 90
      grabbing the mouse, 90
      middle mouse button, using, 87
      using on text consoles, 83
      (see also pointing devices)
Microsoft fonts, 157
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 4
MIT-BIG-REQUESTS extension, 22
MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 protocol, 183
MIT-SCREEN-SAVER extension, 23
MIT-SHM extension, 22
mkfontscale and mkfontdir, 149
Mode or ModeLine section (xorg.conf), 50
modes
      multiscreen and Xinerama, 69-71
      video modes for a monitor or video card, 47
Modes entry (Display subsection of Screen), 64, 65, 85
modifier keys, 161
Module section (xorg.conf), 50
      VNC extension module, 213
Monitor section (xorg.conf), 44, 48
      DPMS option, 55
      Gamma entry, 139
monitors, 9, 14-17, 118
      association with virtual terminal, 25
      connections, 16
      CRT (cathode ray tube), 14
      gamma, 138
      kiosk applications, 220
      LCD (liquid crystal display), 14
      other flat-panel technologies, 15
      reducing wear and tear, 109
      scan rates, configuring, 59-62
      single-screen, multimonitor (Xinerama), 24
      video cards, 17-19
      video projectors, 15
      video signal timing, 15
monochrome fonts, 142
Motif-OpenLook crossover widgets (Moolit), 11
Motif/OpenMotif toolkit, 10
mouse keys capability, X servers, 37
MOUSED (under FreeBSD), using with X, 84
mplayer, configuring for DMX, 235
multiple displays, gamma correction, 139
multi-screen configuration, 67
multi-screen mode, differences from Xinerama mode, 69-71
mv utility, 115
mwm window manager, 131

N[ Top ]
named pipes, 21
native resolution of LCDs, 14
Nautilus file manager (GNOME), 151
nested servers (Xnest), 36
NetBSD/OpenBSD, USB mice, 51
netcat utility, 225
network bandwidth and latency, 181
      LBX (low-bandwidth X), 187
      tunneling with SSH, 188
network protocol, 143
network status monitoring (kiosks), 225-228
network transparency, 175
Network Transport layer, 7
network-based display system, 3
New X (2000-present), 5
nohup command, 112
nongraphical logins (on Linux), 26
nonroman alphabets, keyboard layouts, 13
NumLock, CapsLock, and ScrollLock LEDs, 104
NVIDIA drivers, 24
      closed-source driver, multiple output capability, 77
      closed-source driver, online configuration information, 79

O[ Top ]
Off (power state), 55
Old X (1984-1996), 5
OLED (Organic Light-Emitting Diode) displays, 15
On (power state), 54
The Open Group, 4
Open Software Foundation (OSF), CDE desktop, 118
open source, 4
      color management capability for X, 140
      Motif/OpenMotif and, 11
OpenGL extension for X11 (GLX), 23
OpenLook (Olit), 11
OpenMotif toolkit, 10
OpenSSH, 190
      passphrase protection of SSH keys, 191
      SECURITY extension support, 192
operating systems
      font servers and, 145
      open source, 11
            use of Unix domain sockets, 21
      termios interface, 115
      VNC viewers, 193
optical mouse, 12
Option entries (Screen section xorg.conf), VNC extension, 213
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) displays, 15
overlapping layouts (screens), 72-74

P[ Top ]
pagers, 120
palette-based color, 19
Pango, 150
param tags (Java VNC viewer applet), 201, 206
      generating from server settings, 202
passphrase protection of SSH keys, 191
pasting
      currently selected text, 87
      magnified display area into another program, 106
      (see also copy, cut, or paste operations), 88
paths
      font path, 143-145
      Unix domain socket, 119
PCI and AGP buses, scanning, 48
PCI Express (PCI-E), 17
perception of color, 136
performance benchmarking, XTEST, 24
permissions, code examples from this book, xi
plasma displays, 15
      gamma, 138
pointing devices, 9, 12
      configuring the mouse pointer, 51
      kiosk applications, 220
      parallel, 79
portable, network-based display system, 3
portable, network-transparent window system, 175
ports
      different port numbers for VNC server resolutions, 202
      HTTP port for Xvnc web server, 199
      TCP/IP port number, 119
      TCP/IP, used by X displays, 21
positioning windows (virtual desktop), 121
power states, 54
prefdm script, 30
Priority entry (GNOME session clients), 125
privacy issues (remote access), 182
      tunneling with SSH, 188
process table, searching for running processes, 27
profiles (color), 140
      color targets for input and output calibration, 141
      for LittleCMS, 141
projectors, 15
      connected to video monitor, scan rates, 61
      gamma, 138
      kiosk applications, 220
PROMPT_COMMAND environment variable, 117
proxy servers, LBX proxy, 187
ps command, 27
PS/2 connections
      keyboards, 13
      pointing devices, 12
PS/2 protocol, 52
PseudoColor visuals, 65, 137
public key cryptography
      passphrase protection of SSH keys, 191
      using with SSH, 190

Q[ Top ]
Qt toolkit, 5, 10
Qt-based toolkits, geometry specification on command line, 115
QWERTY keyboards, 13
QWERTZ keyboards, 13

R[ Top ]
radeon driver, 77
      configuration information, 79
radio-frequency-based (RF) electronics, 12
RANDR (Rotate and Resize) extension, 23, 86
RealVNC, 194
      Java applet web page, 199
      killing vncserver, 197
      loadable X module for the X.org server, 212
      vncconfig command, 215
      xstartup file, 196
RECORD extension, 23
reflection, 87
refresh rates, 16, 60
refreshing screens, 111
Relative keyword (screen positioning), 72
relative pointing devices, 12
releasing keyboard and mouse grabs, 92
remote access, 175-192
      access control
            host-based, 182
            magic cookies and xauth, 183-185
            SECURITY extension, 186
      accessing a remote session on a specific host, 178
      accessing remote session from list of available sessions, 179-181
      bandwidth and latency requirements, reducing, 187
      challenges of, 181
      client display on a remote server, 175
      enabling remote sessions, 176
      network transparency, 175
      OpenSSH and the SECURITY extension, 192
      passphrase protection of SSH keys, 191
      tunneling with SSH, 188
      using public keys with SSH, 190
RENDER extension, 23, 150
rendering fonts, 157-160
repeat rate (keyboard), 102
reserve servers, specifying in kdmrc file, 34
resolution
      changing dynamically, 85
      configuring screen resolution, 65
      desktop displays, 5
      display setup for a screen, 47
      LCDs, 14
      overlapping Xinerama, control screen, 73
      video signal timing and, 16
      VNC server, port numbers for, 202
resources
      managed by an X server, 9
      windows managed on multiple virtual desktops, 122
RestartCommand entry (GNOME session clients), 125
restarting GDM, 30
RF (radio-frequency-based) electronics, 12
RFB (Remote Frame Buffer) protocol, 193
      tunneling through an SSH tunnel, 205
RGB color system, 135
      24-bit RGB visuals, 137
      information for each screen pixel, 18
      pixel colors, 137
      sRGB standard, 135
            monitor gamma, 138
rgb.db file, 58
RGBPath, 58, 63
rgb.txt file, 58
RightOf keyword (screen positioning), 72
roman alphabet keyboards, 13
root (superuser), 40
root window, 98
      default visual class, 138
      refining appearance in kiosk, 229
/root/xorg.conf.new, 43
Rotate and Resize (RANDR) extension, 23, 86
rules-based keymap selection (XKB), 163-166
      Layout parameter, 163
      Model parameter, 163
      Options parameter, 164
      Rules parameter, 163
      rules/xorg.lst and .xml files, Layout parameter values, 164
      rules/xorg.lst and .xml files, Variant parameter values, 165
      rules/xorg.lst file, 164
      rules/xorg.lst file, Option parameter values, 165
      rules/xorg.xml file, 164
      Variant parameter, 164
runlevels, 28
      changing for system after booting, 29
      kiosk application, 232
      permanently changing the default, 29
      VNC standing servers, 199

S[ Top ]
s or S runlevel, 28
safe-restart of GDM, 31
scalable fonts, 144
scan rates for monitors, 59-62
scancodes, 13
screen (displayspec), 20
screen dumps, 107
Screen section (xorg.conf), 44, 47
      creating for multi-screen setup, 67
      DefaultDepth option, 64
      Display subsection, Modes entry, 64, 85
      PasswordFile option for VNC passwords, 213
      SecurityTypes option, 213
screens, 19
      configuring default color depth, 64
      differences between multi-screen and Xinerama modes, 69-71
      multiple screen configuration, 67
      overlapping layout in Xinerama, 72-74
      positioning, 71-72
      redrawing, 111
      scrolling virtual screens and Xinerama, 74
screensavers
      built-in screensaver, turning on/off, 108
      keyboard grabs and, 92
      MIT-SCREEN-SAVER extension, 23
      xscreensaver, 109
scrolling virtual screens, 74
ScrollLock, NumLock, and CapsLock LEDs, 104
scrollwheels (mouse), 53
      clicking middle mouse button, 88
Secure Keyboard feature, 91
security
      keyboard grabbing and, 91
      screensavers, 111
SECURITY extension, 23, 186
      OpenSSH and, 192
SecurityTypes option (Screen section), 213
SendCoreEvents option
      parallel pointing devices, 80
      secondary keyboards, 83
serial connections, pointing devices, 12
server extensions, summary listing, 22
server settings (xset utility), 100-105
ServerFlags section (xorg.conf), 50
      AllowMouseOpenFail option, 81
      kiosk configuration, 221
      Standby, Suspend, and Off states, 55
ServerLayout section (xorg.conf), 44, 46
      AllowMouseOpenFail option, 81
      CorePointer and SendCoreEvents values, 80
      releasing keyboard and mouse grabs, 92
      Screen sections for multi-screen setup, 67
      server log file information, 63
      Standby, Suspend, and Off states, 55
servers, 9, 25-39
      common scenarios for local X server, 25
      enabling/disabling display manager at boot, 28
      extensions, 22
      interaction with X server, 85
      kernel versus user-space drivers, 24
      mouse keys capability, 37
      standard port for X server, 21
      starting a raw X server manually, 26
      starting an X server with a display manager, 27
      starting multiple X servers with display managers, 31
            using GDM, 32
            using KDM, 32
            XDM and older KDM versions, 31
      starting with clients only when needed, 35
      starting X servers on demand with display managers, 33
            using gdmflexiserver, 34
            using KDM, 34
      starting X within X, 36
      terminating X automatically, 39
      zapping the X server, 39
service initializer (KDE), 126
service launcher (KDE), 126
services file
      VNC gnuchess, 208
      VNC services information, 202, 204
session managers, 8, 119
      GNOME, 123-125
      gnome-session, 123
      KDE (ksmserver), 126
            starting desktop sessions, 127
session name, specifying for GNOME, 123
session type, 27
SESSION_MANAGER environment variable, 119
sessions
      enabling remote sessions, 176
      starting new on KDE, 34
setxkbmap command, 168
      keyboard map compilation, 170
SHAPE extension, 23
shell prompts
      starting the X server, 26
      switchto or chvt command, 36
shells
      exporting DISPLAY variable, 21
      prompts and window title bars, 117
      startup script, executing ssh-agent and ssh-add, 192
Sherman, Paul, 140
Shift key, 161
SHMConfig option, 53
showmount -e command, 225
showrgb command, 59
signal boosters, 60
signal encryption, 18
simultaneous mouse button presses, 52
single-screen, multimonitor support, 24
size (window), unit of measure, 114
sleep 2 option (X server), 27
small-form-factor devices, visuals, 137
source client (clipboard), 89
SourceForge, VNC projects, 194
spreadsheets, 8
SSH (Secure Shell)
      accessing VNC securely, 205
      bypassing firewall when using VNC, 215
      passphrase protection of public/private keys, 191
      tunneling with, 188
      using public keys with, 190
ssh utility
      -C (compression) option, 189
      connection to a remote host, specifying username, 189
      -X option, 189
      -x option, 189
      -Y option, 192
ssh-agent and ssh-add, executing during session startup, 192
ssh-keygen command
      -p option, 191
      -t option, 190
Standby (power state), 54
startkde script, 126
      using different window manager, 126
startx command, 35
      -- (double-dash) before client arguments, 35
      display number, specifying, 35
      specifying a client, 35
      starting KDE, window manager, 126
      starting Xnest with a particular client, 36
      ~/.xinitrc script, using, 131
startxfce4 script, 128
StaticColor visuals, 64, 137
StaticServers line (kdmrc), 34
Streams pipes, 21
subtractive color systems, 135
subtractive primaries, 135
superuser (root), 40
SUSE Linux
      display manager startup, 31
      rcxdm restart command, 31
Suspend (power state), 55
switchto or chvt command, 36
symbols (XKB keymaps), 162
symlinks
      deleting in kiosk script, 232
      /dev/mouse, 51
synaptics driver, 53
Synaptics TouchPad, 53
sysmouse file, 84

T[ Top ]
TCP/IP
      local loopback mechanism, 22
      network transport layer in X-based GUIs, 7
      ports, 21
      session manager connection string, 119
television connections (monitors), 16
telinit command, changing runlevels, 29
TERM environment variable, 115
      settings, 116
terminal emulators, 116
terminals
      character, 115
      full-screen programs, 115
      (see also virtual terminals)
-terminate option, 27
terminating clients with keyboard or mouse grabs, 92
termios interface, 115
text mode VTs, using with X, 83
TightVNC, 194
      Java applet web page, 200
            key parameters, 201
      Java VNC viewer applet, 207
      killing Xvnc, 197
      vncconnect command, 215
timeout attribute (magic cookies), 186
timeouts, DPMS, 55
title bars, borders, and controls for windows, 8
toggle keys, 167
tokens, 183
      (see also magic cookies)
toolkits, 5, 8, 10
      display managers, 27
      geometry, 115
      look and feel of applications, 9
touchscreens (see pointing devices)
trackballs (see pointing devices)
transparency, 138
TrueColor visuals, 65, 137
trusted and untrusted clients, 23, 186
trusted magic cookies, 186
      using with OpenSSH, 192
ttys file, 31
tunneling
      RFB protocol through SSH tunnel, 205
      SSH, bypassing firewall when using VNC, 215
      SSH capabilities, 188
      X tunneling (X11 forwarding), 189
twm window manager, 130
types (XKB keymaps), 162

U[ Top ]
Ubuntu Linux
      GDM configuration files, 32
      volatile /dev directory, 51
UK keyboard layout, 13
uninvited connections (KRfb), 210
Unix domain sockets, 21
      font server entry, xorg.conf, 143
      session manager connection string, 119
Unix System V, using runlevels to start or stop software sets, 28
Unix systems
      booting into runlevel, 28
      RealVNC and TightVNC, 194
UnixWare systems, switching virtual terminals, 26
untrusted clients, 23, 186
untrusted magic cookies, 186
      generation by OpenSSH, 192
URI for viewing and managing fonts (GNOME Nautilus), 151
USB connections
      keyboards, 13
      physical connection, 82
      pointing devices, 12
USB mice, 51
user, creating for VNC services, 203
      gnuchess, 208
user-space drivers, kernel driver vs. for video cards, 24
utilities, 95-111
      screensaver and DPMS settings, 108
      xdpyinfo (display information), 96
      xkill, 105
      xmag, 105
      xrefresh, 111
      xscreensaver, 109
      xset, 100-105
            adjusting keyboard repeat rate, 102
            adjusting mouse acceleration, 103
            controlling the bell, 101
            keyboard LEDs, adjusting, 104
      xwd (X Window Dump), 107
      xwininfo, 97-100

V[ Top ]
Vendor section (xorg.conf), 51
versions
      logfile information on X version, 62
      version 11 (X Windows), 6
vertical retrace (CRT), 61
VertScrollDelta and HorizScrollDelta options, 54
VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association), 17, 54
      DDC (Display Data Channel), 59
VGA connections (monitors), 16
vi, running in a terminal window, 117
video cameras
      gamma, 138
      optical mouse, 12
video cards, 9, 17-19
      association with virtual terminal, 25
      driver options, 56
            accel option, 57
            hw_cursor or sw_cursor, 58
            value types, 57
      kernel versus user-space drivers, 24
      memory, 17
      multiple outputs from single card, 77-79
      overlapping Xinerama layout, 74
      screen image representation in framebuffer, 18
video controller, 18
video decompression, 24
video editors, 8
Video Electronics Standard Association (see VESA)
video graphics array, 16
video modes, 47
      testing with hardware configuration, log file information, 63
video projectors (see projectors)
video signals, timing, 15
video splitters, 60
video streams, 24
video wall, creating, 233-235
VideoAdaptor section (xorg.conf), 51
viewers (VNC), 193
      customizing Java applet web page, 199-202
      starting SSH client to create a tunnel, 205
      using, 197
Viewport entry (Display subsection of Screen), 66
Vino (GNOME remote access tool), 212
virtual desktops, 120-122
      created by mapping and unmapping windows, 122
      created by window positions, 122
      creating, 121
      positioning windows, 121
      resource use, 122
Virtual Network Computer (see VNC)
virtual screen size, 66
virtual screens
      resolution, 85
      scrolling virtual screens and Xinerama, 74
virtual terminals (VTs), 25
      changing on home system, 31
      specifying for multiple X server startups, 32
      starting X server on, 26
      switching from shell prompt with switchto or chvt command, 36
      switching on different systems, 26
      switching on Linux, 25
      text mode, 83
visibility of windows (Map State), 98
visuals, 136-138
      24-bit RGB, 137
      colormaps, 137
      default visual class, 138
      RGB color information, 137
      summary of types, 137
VNC (Virtual Network Computer), 193-215
      accessing securely using SSH, 205
      bypassing a firewall, 215
      configuring the Xvnc web server, 199
      customizing Java applet web page, 199-202
      embedding X application in a web page, 206-210
      extension to X.org server, 212
      Java applet on-demand VNC servers, 204
      options in X environment, 193
      starting on demand using inetd, 204
      starting on demand using xinetd, 202-204
      using KDE and Gnome remote desktop access tools, 210
      using standing VNC servers, 198
      using to share a presentation, 213
      using viewers, 197
      versions, 194
      vncserver script, 196
      Xvnc basics, 195
vnc.conf file, 197
vncconfig command, 215
vncconnect command, 215
vncpasswd script, 196, 198, 213
vncpasswd.d directory, 198
vncserver script, 196
      command-line options, 197
      -kill option, 197
      modifying default configuration values, 197
      running, 197
vncviewer script, 197
      -listen argument, 215
      -via argument, 205
      X version, 198
volume, pitch and duration (bell), 101
VTs (see virtual terminals)

W[ Top ]
web browsers, 8
      clipboard data, 89
      fullscreen, for kiosk application, 224
      Java-enabled, connecting to Xvnc web server, 198
      middle-mouse button, using, 88
web page, embedding X application in, 206-210
web page for this book, xii
wget command, 225
      network status monitoring script for a kiosk, 226
widget sets, 11
WiFi antennas, positioning, 102
wildcards (DevName and DevPhys), 83
window decorations, 8
window managers, 8, 118
      differences in multi-screen and Xinerama modes, 69-71
      differing implementation of virtual desktops, 100
      drawing of title bar, border, and window controls, 10
      GNOME, 123
      KDE, defining with KDEWM environment variable, 126
      KDE (kwin), 126
      managing multiple screens, 20
      started by display manager, 27
      using without desktop environment, 129-132
            listing of common window managers, 130
            startup script, 130
      virtual desktops, 120-122
      Xfce, changing default, 129
window positioning, creating virtual desktop illusion, 122
windows
      basic information about (xwininfo), 97-100
      events, translation to ASCII sequences, 116
      focus, 90
      geometry, clients and, 113-115
      nonrectangular, 23
      why they look and act differently, 9
Windows systems
      Microsoft fonts, 157
      mouse, 87
      VNC server, 193
      X System product line, 6
word processors, 8
workspace capability, 120
workspace switcher, 120

X[ Top ]
X Color Management System (Xcms), 140
X command
      -ac (access control) option, 183
      -allowMouseOpenFail option, 81
      -config argument, 32
      -config argument, starting X with kiosk configuration, 221
      -configure option, 43
      -scanpci option, 48
      -terminate option, 39
The X Consortium, 4
X Display Manager Control Protocol (see XDMCP)
X Display Manager (Xt), 27
X Intrinsics Toolkit (Xt), 11
X Keyboard Extension, 222
X Logical Font Description (XLFD), 146
X Security Extension (see SECURITY extension)
X Server layer, 7
X Session Management Protocol (XSMP), 119
X tunneling, 189
X Window System, ix
      history, 4
      layers of an X-based GUI, 6
      name variations, 6
      new versus old X, 4
      server, 9
X Windows, 6
X11 forwarding, 189
X386, 4
Xaccess file, 177
xauth utility, 183-185
      creating an extract file, 184
      generate command, 186
      list command, 184
      MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1, substituting . (period) for, 184
      remove command, 185
.Xauthority file, 209
xcalc, 9
xclipboard, 89
xclock application, fullscreen, 224
Xcms (X Color Management System), 140
XDM display manager
      chooser, 180
      killing, 30
      remote sessions, 177
      starting multiple X servers, 31
      startup by init script, 31
      Xt toolkit, 27
XDM-AUTHORIZATION-1 protocol, 184
xdm-config file, 177
XDMCP (X Display Manager Control Protocol), 176-181
      broadcasts, 178
      direct queries, 178
      enabling on GDM, 177
      enabling on KDM, 177
      enabling on XDM, 177
      indirect queries, 179-181
      Xvnc started with inetd, 209
Xdmx, 233
      -configfile option, 234
      configuration file, 234
      -display arguments, 233
      -input option, 234
xdmxconfig utility, 235
xdpyinfo utility, 96
      grep for LBX support, 187
      visuals, 136
Xephyr, 37
XF86Config file, 41
Xfce desktop, 10, 118
      starting, 128
            saving the session at logout, 129
            user's session information, 128
xfce4-session.rc file, 128
xfd (X font display), 230
xfontsel command, 148
XFree86, 4
      changing resolution dynamically, 85
      configuration file, 42
      server binary, 26
XFREE86-VIDMODE Extension, 138
xfs font server, 145
      starting manually, 146
Xft, 150
xgamma utility, 139
xhost utility, 182
      adding hosts with the + symbol, 182
      disabling access control altogether with + symbol, 183
      re-enabling access control with the - symbol, 183
      removing hosts with the - symbol, 182
Xinerama, 19
      configuration, 68
      differences between multi-screen mode and, 69-71
      gamma correction, setting, 139
      multiple outputs from one video card versus, 77
      multiple screen configuration for Xdmx, 234
      overlapping layout, 72-74
      scrolling virtual screens, 74
XINERAMA extension, 24
xinetd
      configuring for new VNC service, 208
      starting VNC on demand, 202-204
xinitrc scripts, 35
      using with startx, 132
XInputExtension, 23
XKB extension, 24, 161-172
      compiling keyboard maps, 169
      components, 162
      location of files, 162
      rule-based keymap selection, 163-166
      setting keymap from command line, 168
      setting keymap using keyboard configuration file, 169
      setting the keymap in xorg.conf, 167
      viewing or printing keyboard layout, 170-172
xkbcomp program, 169
      obtaining keymap and placing in a file, 171
xkbprint program, 170-172
xkill utility, 105
xloadimage utility, 227
xmag utility, 105
xmodmap utility, 222
      appending pointer line to input file, 224
      pointer command, 223
      -pp option, 223
      running without server resetting, 231
Xnest, 36
      -geometry option, 37
      starting with startx, 131
The X.org Foundation, 4
X.org, 4, 11
      dominance of X implementation, 6
X.org server
      default keymap, 163
      installed server binary, 26
      utilities, 95
      VNC extension, 212
      (see also configuration, X.org server; servers)
xorg.conf file
      location of, 41
      optional sections, 49
      specifying Xkb keyboard map, 167
      (see also configuration, X.org server)
xorg.conf-4 file, 42
XORGCONFIG environment variable, 42
$XORGCONFIG file, 41
xrandr command, 65, 86
      -o (orientation) option, 87
      -r (refresh) option, 87
      -s (size) option, 86
X-ray and electromagnetic radiation in CRTs, 14
xrefresh utility, 111
xscreensaver, 109
      checking and turning off for application duration, 109
      graphics demos or hacks, 110
      programs in package, 109
      resetting a kiosk, 228
      server DPMS timeouts, 110
xscreensaver-command, 110
xscreensaver-demo, 110
      kiosk reset screensaver, 229
XSERVER environment variable, 131
Xservers file, 32
xset utility, 55, 100-105
      bell, controlling, 101
      dpms subcommand, 108
      fp+ (add at the end of the font path), 144, 149
      +fp (add at the front of the font path), 144
      fp= argument (setting new font path), 145
      -fp (font path) argument, 144
      keyboard repeat rate, 102
      led subcommand, 104
      mouse acceleration, 103
      -q (query) option, 144
      runtime adjustments to X server, 101
      screensaver and DPMS settings, 108
      screensaver (built-in), turning on/off, 108
xsetroot command, 229
xsm (session manger), 120
XSMP-aware clients, connection to session manager, 120
Xt-based toolkits, 5
      geometry, 115
xterm, 116
      basic command-line options, 116
      -fa (font face) command-line option, 155
      geometry specifications, 115
XTEST extension, 24
XVideo extension, 24, 235
XVideo-MotionCompensation, 24, 235
Xvnc, 193, 195
      command-line options, 195, 197
      configuring the web server, 199
      connecting to web server at port 5800+display, 198
      customizing VNC Java applet web page, 199-202
      starting server with -query option, 215
      startup script for gnuchess service, 208
      TightVNC Java applet web page, generating param tags, 202
xwd (X Window Dump) utility, 107
xwininfo, 97-100
      -children option, 99
      current window geometry, 113
      -root option, 98
      -size option, 114
      -tree option, 99
xwud utility, 107

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zapping the X server, 39
zooming, 85

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