into the sample is not included. erefore, the magnitude of the mean for the spherical aberration (mode
11) was much lower compared to that of the other samples. Again, we see that the magnitude of the
variations is declining as the index of the modes increases.
e mean and the standard deviation of the Zernike data for all samples are shown in Figure 4.13. e
large value found for the mean of the spherical aberration (mode 11) agrees with theoretical expectations
from focusing into a sample of mismatched refractive index (Booth and Wilson 2000; Booth et al. 1998; Hell
et al. 1993). A decrease in the standard deviation of measured
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