8.1 Overview8.2 Examples8.3 Some Common but Naive Methods8.4 Notations, Assumptions, and Causal Definitions8.5 Method of Instrumental Variables8.6 Moment-based Method8.7 Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Methods8.8 Noncompliance and Missing Outcome Data8.9 Analysis of the Two Examples8.10 Other Methods for Dealing with both Noncompliance and Missing DataAppendix 8.A: Multivariate Delta Method