Appendix I

Some Mathematical Tools

RECTANGULAR OR CARTESIAN COORDINATES

The most common coordinate system for representing positions in space is based on three perpendicular spatial axes generally designated as x, y and z.

Any point P can be represented by three signed numbers, usually written (x, y, z) where coordinate is the perpendicular distance from the plane formed by the other two axes.

 

Cartesian co-ordinate system

 

Fig. A.1 Cartesian co-ordinate system.

 

Image

 

Although the entire coordinate system can be rotated, the relationship between the axes is fixed in what ...

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