Book description
A Practical Guide to Physical and Chemical Principles and Calculations for Today’s Process Control Operators
In Basic Principles and Calculations in Process Technology, author T. David Griffith walks process technologists through the basic principles that govern their operations, helping them collaborate with chemical engineers to improve both safety and productivity. He shows process operators how to go beyond memorizing rules and formulas to understand the underlying science and physical laws, so they can accurately interpret anomalies and respond appropriately when exact rules or calculation methods don’t exist.
Using simple algebra and non-technical analogies, Griffith explains each idea and technique without calculus. He introduces each topic by explaining why it matters to process technologists and offers numerous examples that show how key principles are applied and calculations are performed. For end-of-chapter problems, he provides the solutions in plain-English discussions of how and why they work. Chapter appendixes provide more advanced information for further exploration.
Basic Principles and Calculations in Process Technology is an indispensable, practical resource for every process technologist who wants to know “what the numbers mean” so they can control their systems and processes more efficiently, safely, and reliably.
T. David Griffith received his B.S. in chemical engineering from The University of Texas at Austin and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, then top-ranked in the discipline. After working in research on enhanced oil recovery (EOR), he cofounded a small chemical company, and later in his career he developed a record-setting Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) software package. He currently instructs in the hydrocarbon processing industry.
Coverage includes
• Preparing to solve problems by carefully organizing them and establishing consistent sets of measures
• Calculating areas and volumes, including complex objects and interpolation
• Understanding Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, and the Ideal Gas Law
• Predicting the behavior of gases under extreme conditions
• Applying thermodynamic laws to calculate work and changes in gas enthalpy, and to recognize operational problems
• Explaining phase equilibria for distillation and fractionalization
• Estimating chemical reaction speed to optimize control
• Balancing material or energy as they cross system boundaries
• Using material balance calculations to confirm quality control and prevent major problems
• Calculating energy balances and using them to troubleshoot poor throughput
• Understanding fluid flow, including shear, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flows, vectors, and tensors
• Characterizing the operation of devices that transport heat energy for heating or cooling
• Analyzing mass transfer in separation processes for materials purification
Table of contents
- Cover Page
- About This eBook
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication Page
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- About the Author
-
Part I: Basic Principles
-
Chapter 1. Introductory Concepts
- 1.1 Using This Book
-
1.2 Steps for Solving a Problem
- 1. Read and Understand the Problem
- 2. Define the Question
- 3. Determine a Basis
- 4. Determine Available Data
- 5. Determine Data Conflicts
- 6. Organize Equations
- 7. Count the Number of Variables
- 8. Divide and Conquer
- 9. Input Data with Units
- 10. Add Appropriate Conversion Factors
- 11. Check Dimensional Consistency
- 12. Turn the Crank
- 13. Judge the Results
- 1.3 Degrees of Freedom
- 1.4 Dimensional Consistency and the Dimensional Equation
- 1.5 The Big Four: Unit Operations of Process Technology
- 1.6 Concluding Comments
- Problems
- Chapter 2. Areas, Volumes, Complex Objects, and Interpolation
-
Chapter 3. Units of Measure
- 3.1 Time
- 3.2 Length
- 3.3 Volume
- 3.4 Temperature
- 3.5 Mass, Weight, and Force
- 3.6 Vectors
- 3.7 Torque, Moments, and Couples
- 3.8 Density and Specific Gravity
- 3.9 The Mole Unit
- 3.10 Concentrations
- 3.11 Pressure
- 3.12 Work and Power
- 3.13 Accuracy, Precision, and Variance
- 3.14 Engineering Accuracy and Significant Figures
- 3.15 Scientific Notation
- 3.16 The Vernier Scale
- 3.17 Prefixes: M versus m
- 3.18 Concluding Comments
- References
- Problems
- Chapter 4. Gas Laws: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature
-
Chapter 5. Thermodynamics: Energy, Heat, and Work
- 5.1 Heat and Its Equivalence
- 5.2 The Conservation of Energy and Matter
- 5.3 Work
- 5.4 Heat Capacity
- 5.5 Enthalpy and Internal Energy
- 5.6 Power
- 5.7 Entropy
- 5.8 Reversible versus Irreversible Systems
- 5.9 Functions of State
- 5.10 The Mollier Diagram
- 5.11 Steam Tables
- 5.12 The Entropy of Mixtures
- 5.13 Latent Heat versus Sensible Heat
- 5.14 Free Energy, Chemical Potential, and Entropy
- 5.15 Laws of Thermodynamics
- 5.16 Adiabatic Processes: Compression and Expansion
- 5.17 The Carnot Cycle and Thermodynamic Efficiency
- 5.18 Refrigeration and Heat Pumps
- 5.19 Joule-Thomson Expansion
- 5.20 Turbo-Expanders
- 5.21 Systems
- 5.22 Concluding Comments
- Appendix 5A: Concepts of Activity and Fugacity
- Problems
-
Chapter 6. Phase Equilibria
- 6.1 The Units of Equilibrium: Partial Pressure and Mole Fraction
- 6.2 Equilibrium Vapor Pressure
- 6.3 Chemical Potential
- 6.4 Boiling
- 6.5 Azeotropes
- 6.6 Degrees of Freedom and the Gibbs’ Phase Rule
- 6.7 Phase Transitions
- 6.8 Effects of Impurities
- 6.9 Quality, Bubble Point, and Dew Point
- 6.10 Equilibrium Equations
- 6.11 Effects of Mass and Volume
- 6.12 Osmotic Pressure
- 6.13 Ion Exchange
- 6.14 Supercritical Fluids
- 6.15 Concluding Comments
- Problems
- Chapter 7. Chemical Reaction Kinetics
-
Chapter 1. Introductory Concepts
-
Part II: Calculations: Material and Energy Balances
-
Chapter 8. Material Balances
-
8.1 Methodology
- 1. Understand the Problem
- 2. Define the Question
- 3. Sketch a Representation
- 4. Draw the Envelope(s)
- 5. Identify and Label Streams
- 6. Determine What Is Known and Not Known for Each Stream
- 7. Write Equations, Equalities, Correlations, and Restrictions
- 8. Classify Independent and Dependent Variables
- 9. Specify a Basis
- 10. Determine Degrees of Freedom
- 11. Calculate
- 12. Judge the Result
- Writing Equations, Equalities, Correlations, and Restrictions
- Subscript Conventions
- When Things Don’t Add Up
- 8.2 The Assumption of Steady-State
- 8.3 Single-Phase Material Balances for Separation Processes
- 8.4 Single-Phase Material Balances for Blending Processes
- 8.5 Multiple-Phase Material Balances
- 8.6 Material Balances with Chemical Reactions
- 8.7 Material Balances in the Real World
- 8.8 Concluding Comments
- Appendix 8A: Business Economics
- Problems
-
8.1 Methodology
- Chapter 9. Energy Balances
-
Chapter 8. Material Balances
-
Part III: Application of Basic Principles and Calculations to Transport Phenomena
-
Chapter 10. Transport Phenomena: Fluid Flow
- 10.1 Shear Rate and Viscosity
- 10.2 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
- 10.3 Vectors and Tensors
- 10.4 Shell Balances
- 10.5 The Equations of Motion
- 10.6 Dimensional Analysis
- 10.7 The Reynolds Number and the Fanning Friction Factor
- 10.8 The Bernoulli Equation
- 10.9 Non-Newtonian Fluid Flow
- 10.10 Centrifugal Pumps and Feet of Head
- 10.11 Concluding Comments
- References
- Problems
- Chapter 11. Transport Phenomena: Heat Transfer
-
Chapter 12. Transport Phenomena: Mass Transfer
- 12.1 Diffusion
- 12.2 The Entropy of Mass Transport
- 12.3 Shell Balances
- 12.4 Dispersion
- 12.5 Mass Transport in the Real World
- 12.6 Mass-Transfer Processes: Unit Operations
- 12.7 Material and Energy Balances
- 12.8 Cocurrent versus Countercurrent Flow
- 12.9 Dimensional Analysis, the HETP, and Efficiency
- 12.10 Concluding Comments
- References
- Problems
-
Chapter 10. Transport Phenomena: Fluid Flow
- Postface
- Appendix A. Answers to Selected Problems
- Appendix B. Conversion Factors
- Appendix C. Gas Constants
- Appendix D. Steam Tables
- Index
Product information
- Title: Basic Principles and Calculations in Process Technology
- Author(s):
- Release date: September 2015
- Publisher(s): Pearson
- ISBN: 9780133388343
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