1. Sentences1.1. Parts of Speech1.1.1. Naming Words: Nouns and Pronouns1.1.2. Action and Being Words: Verbs1.1.3. Modifying Words: Adjectives and Adverbs1.1.4. Connecting Words: Prepositions and Conjunctions1.1.5. Exclaiming Words: Interjections1.2. Sentence Parts and Patterns1.2.1. Subjects and Predicates1.2.2. Phrases and Clauses1.2.3. Sentence Types: Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex1.3. Common Sentence Errors1.3.1. Sentence Fragments1.3.2. Run-on (Fused) Sentences and Comma Splices1.3.3. Subject–Verb Agreement1.3.4. Pronoun–Antecedent Agreement1.3.5. Vague Pronoun Reference2. Punctuation2.1. End Punctuation2.1.1. Question Marks2.1.2. Periods2.1.3. Exclamation Points2.2. Commas2.2.1. Between Clauses2.2.2. Between Adjectives2.2.3. Between Items in a Series2.2.4. Around Clauses, Phrases, or Words2.3. Semicolons2.3.1. Joining Independent Clauses2.3.2. Between Items in a Series2.4. Colons2.4.1. Preceding a List2.4.2. Preceding an Explanation or Illustration2.4.3. Preceding a Rule, Formal Quotation, or Subtitle2.5. Quotation Marks and Italics2.5.1. Quotation Marks2.5.2. Italics2.6. Apostrophes2.6.1. Possessive Case2.6.2. Contractions2.7. Other Punctuation Marks2.7.1. Parentheses, Dashes, Brackets, and Ellipses2.7.2. Hyphens3. Mechanics and Business Conventions3.1. Capitalization3.1.1. First Words3.1.2. Proper Nouns vs. Common Nouns3.2. Numbers3.2.1. Words vs. Figures3.2.2. Consecutive Numbers3.2.3. Related Numbers3.2.4. Indefinite or Approximate Numbers3.2.5. Numbers at the Beginning of Sentences3.2.6. Fractions and Ordinals3.2.7. Decimals and Percentages3.2.8. Money3.2.9. Dates and Times3.2.10. Measurements and Compound-Number Adjectives3.2.11. Addresses and Telephone Numbers3.3. Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Initialisms3.3.1. Definitions, Forms, and Functions3.3.2. When to Use Abbreviations—or Not3.3.3. Spacing and Punctuation of Abbreviations4. Spelling4.1. Four Rules of Thumb for Adding Endings4.2. Memory Aids for
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4.3. Commonly Misspelled Words4.4. Commonly Confused Words