
6-1
L E A RNIN G OBJE C TI V E S
After reading this chapter, you will be conversant with:
♦ Coordinate Systems
♦ Tangents and Normals
♦ Pedal Equations
♦ Derivative of the Arc
♦ Curvature
♦ Evolutes and Involutes
♦ Envelopes
Introduction
Derivatives have vast applications in geometry. They are used to deal with geometric concepts like
tangents and normals, curvature of curves, envelopes of curves and many more useful concepts. We
use geometrical measurement of dy/dx in different ways in all these concepts to achieve the results. We
start by learning how a point can be represented in different coordinate systems.
6.1 COORDINATE SYSTEMS
Any system ...