Characterization of Biomaterials

Table of contents

1. Cover image
2. Title page
3. Table of Contents
4. Copyright
5. Contributor contact details
6. Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles
7. Chapter 1: Microscopy techniques for analyzing the phase nature and morphology of biomaterials
   1. Abstract:
   2. 1 Introduction: basic imaging concepts
   3. 1.2 Image perception and interpretation
   4. 1.3 Light microscopy
   5. 1.4 Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM)
   6. 1.5 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
   7. 1.6 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
8. Chapter 2: Scattering techniques for structural analysis of biomaterials
   1. Abstract:
   2. 2.1 Introduction
   3. 2.2 Light scattering
   4. 2.3 Wide-angle X-ray diffraction
   5. 2.4 Measuring orientation using X-ray diffraction
   6. 2.5 Small-angle scattering techniques
   7. 2.6 Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)
   8. 2.7 Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS)
   9. 2.8 Acknowledgment
9. Chapter 3: Quantitative assays for measuring cell adhesion and motility in biomaterials
   1. Abstract:
   2. 3.1 Introduction
   3. 3.2 Cell attachment assays
   4. 3.3 Cell adhesion strength
   5. 3.4 Collective motility of cell populations
   6. 3.5 Individual cell motility
   7. 3.6 Conclusion and future trends
10. Chapter 4: Assays for determining cell differentiation in biomaterials
    1. Abstract:
    2. 4.1 Introduction
    3. 4.2 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) assays
    4. 4.3 Protein and chemical assays
    5. 4.4 Imaging assays
    6. 4.5 Future trends
11. Chapter 5: Bioreactors for evaluating cell infiltration and tissue formation in biomaterials
    1. Abstract:
    2. 5.1 Introduction
    3. 5.2 Bioreactor designs
    4. 5.3 Evaluation of cell infiltration and cell seeding
    5. 5.4 Evaluation of tissue formation
    6. 5.5 Importance of computational fluid mechanics in modeling, imaging, and simulation of the bioreactors
    7. 5.6 Failure of bioreactors
    8. 5.7 Future trends
    9. 5.8 Conclusion
    10. 5.9 Sources of further information and advice
12. Chapter 6: Studying molecular-scale protein–surface interactions in biomaterials
    1. Abstract:
    2. 6.1 Introduction: surface-induced thrombosis on artificial surfaces
    3. 6.2 Process and changes during protein adsorption
    4. 6.3 Factors affecting protein adsorption
    5. 6.4 Models of protein adsorption and adsorption isotherms
    6. 6.5 Protein adsorption kinetics
    7. 6.6 The Vroman effect
    8. 6.7 Structure and functions of fibrinogen
    9. 6.8 Intermolecular forces and interactions
    10. 6.9 Adsorption profile and interfacial kinetics
    11. 6.10 Competitive adsorption
    12. 6.11 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
    13. 6.12 Interfacial properties of fibrinogen studied by AFM
    14. 6.13 Future trends
    15. 6.14 Conclusion
13. Chapter 7: Assessing the mutagenic effects of biomaterials: analyzing the cellular genome and abnormalities
    1. Abstract:
    2. 7.1 Introduction
    3. 7.2 DNA structure
    4. 7.3 Genetic mutations
    5. 7.4 Cytogenetic mutations
    6. 7.5 Types of mutations that can occur at the chromosomal level
    7. 7.6 Methods of detection of cytogenetic mutations
    8. 7.7 Analyzing genomic organization and variations in genomic copy number
    9. 7.8 Copy number variations (CNVs)
    10. 7.9 Epigenetic effects on the genome
    11. 7.10 Effects of biomaterials on mutagenesis
    12. 7.11 Conclusion
14. Chapter 8: Using microarrays to measure cellular changes induced by biomaterials
    1. Abstract:
    2. 8.1 Introduction
    3. 8.2 What do we measure?
    4. 8.3 Normalization
    5. 8.4 Analysis
    6. 8.5 Conclusion
15. Chapter 9: Standards and methods for assessing the safety and biocompatibility of biomaterials
    1. Abstract:
    2. 9.1 Introduction
    3. 9.2 Regulatory definition of medical devices
    4. 9.3 International Standards Organization (ISO) regulation and guidance
    5. 9.4 United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation and guidance
    6. 9.5 Regulation and guidance in Japan and other countries
    7. 9.6 Biological tests
    8. 9.7 Phasing (timing) of non-clinical testing of medical devices
16. Index