Circuit Oriented Electromagnetic Modeling Using the PEEC Techniques

Chapter 1Introduction

The history of the fundamental general techniques that are applied in electromagnetic (EM)-solvers today is interesting. Many techniques were devised in the decades between 1960 and 1980. The first work in the EM field for the finite element (FE) technique was presented in 1965 [1]. A paper on the foundation of the numerical differential equation (DE)-based finite difference time domain (FDTD) method [2] was published in 1966.

Interestingly, a second set of techniques used in commercial solvers today had been devised in the decade from 1970 to 1980. The circuit-oriented DE-based transmission line matrix (TLM) method originated in 1971 [3]. The circuit-oriented partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method, which is based on an integral equation (IE) formulation, originated in 1972 [4]. Finally, the DE-based finite integration (FIT) approach was devised in 1977 [5]. Since then, many different submethods have been developed based on all the cited techniques.

We note that most of the numerical solutions are solved using the weighted residuals method (WRM) [6]. The notation is not always the same since sometimes the notation MWR is used. Importantly, the WRM applies to the majority of fundamental solution techniques that include FE, DE, or IE based, for example, Refs [6, 7].

In 1968, a key paper on the numerical implementation of integral equation-based approach was presented in Ref. [8] and it was called the method of moments (MoM). The name is used in ...