Circuit Oriented Electromagnetic Modeling Using the PEEC Techniques

Chapter 12Incident and Radiated Field Models

In general, electromagnetic problems are of two fundamental classes – coupling or scattering. In coupling, coherent equivalent sources are generated on the surfaces and in the element volumes if two objects are in close proximity. In the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) formulation, we can subdivide the coupling into inductive and capacitive coupling. Further, resistive coupling can exist between galvanically coupled bodies. However, this type of coupling is usually absent unless the source and observation parts are part of the same system. In most systems, coupling will become stronger for higher frequencies.

The second class is scattering. If electromagnetic waves originate from a field, an object or body, and propagate to another object or interface with certain material property discontinuity, the energy will be distributed in various directions, which could be to infinity. This phenomenon is called scattering. While coupling is the key factor in circuits and some electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) applications, scattering is dominant in antenna designs, radar cross sections (RCS), and some important electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues.

Integral equation-based techniques, for example, Ref. [1] are favored for scattering and radiation problems since they automatically take care of open spaces without requiring other techniques such as absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs). Finite element methods (FEMs) [2] are another ...