In the first generations of integrated front-ends, it was common to implement on the ASIC only the indispensable analog functions and to digitize the data off-chip with standard components. The capability of modern CMOS technologies to fabricate complex digital circuits in small areas and with low power consumption makes it preferable today to embed data converters directly on the front-end chip. In the readout of radiation detectors, three types of data converters are of interest: Digital to Analog Converters (DAC), Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) and Time to Digital Converters (TDC). Digital to Analog Converters are primarily used for slow control functions, such as setting bias currents and voltages or discriminator ...
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