Modelling fracture processes in orthopaedic implants 357
The aforementioned computational intelligence methods based on bio-
logical inspiration may be used in conjunction with other computer meth-
ods, for example, evolutionary algorithms or arti cial immune systems are
often used together with the FEM or BEM in problems of optimization of
mechanical systems.
In recent years, there has been a great interest in inter-linkage of arti -
cial neural networks, evolutionary algorithms and arti cial immune systems
with fuzzy systems, which leads to some interesting computational intelli-
gence techniques.
A characteristic feature of research on arti cial intelligence is the focus
on symbolic transformations as opposed to the previously discussed ...