Finite element modeling in the musculoskeletal system 25
lead to inaccurate results. Some studies showed that the resulting error could
be between 7% and 100% of the nominal stress, depending on the type
of distortions and on the stress patterns (Cook et al ., 1989; Vander Sloten
and van der Perre , 1993). Therefore, special attention and great efforts are
needed in this stage in order to ensure the quality of the FE study.
2.4.4 Loadings, solution and validation
The human MSK system normally experiences complicated loadings during
human motions. Thus, in the FE studies, different kinds of loading conditions,
for example, concentrated, distributed, linear, nonlinear, static and dynamic,
need to be properly de ned before conducting ...