184 Computational Modelling of Biomechanics and Biotribology
as well as shortening distance, FD also depends on muscle work (Marechal
and Plaghki, 1979). An almost linear relationship between FD and muscle
work was reported by Herzog et al . (2000) and con rmed in later experi-
ments for moderate muscle length changes (Siebert et al ., 2008).
FE effects have been more thoroughly investigated than FD effects. FE
increases with increasing stretch distance (Abbott and Aubert, 1952; Edman
et al ., 1978), is long lasting (Herzog and Rassier, 2002), disappears dur-
ing muscle deactivation (Abbott and Aubert, 1952), and is independent of
stretch velocity (Edman et al ., 1978; Sugi and Tsuchiya, 1988; Pinniger et al .,
2006). However, some studies ...