Computational modeling of muscle biomechanics 195
muscle shape during contraction, the separation of muscle tissue and tendon–
aponeurosis complex, and the muscle ber orientation. Fascicle lengths and
pennation angles are major constituents of the muscle architecture and they
largely determine the function and the shape of the muscle. As shown for
rabbit calf muscles (Fig. 6.7), a large variability exists in the architecture of
different muscles. Determination of realistic architecture and its inclusion in
3D models is a prerequisite to understand the active muscle deformation as
well as the interaction of muscle with surrounding tissue and external forces
(Yucesoy et al ., 2003; Siebert et al ., 2014).
Among aforementioned publications ...