
List of Figures
1.1 Block diagram depicting the macro GIS functions . . . . . . 6
1.2 Multi-tier architecture in GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Collaborative diagram depicting various contributing branches
of science and technology; GIS as a platform for scientific com-
puting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Organization of chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.1 Separation of geoid and ellipsoid undulation . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Auxilary circle, the 2D projected ellipsoid . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Geodetic and geocentric latitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4 Reduced latitude ...