Conflict and Cooperation in Cyberspace

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ConFlICt and CooperatIon In CyberspaCe

has become a standard feature. ese programmable controllers in

industry and utility companies have limited cyber security features.

e hardening and increased protection of American SCADA sys-

tems is likely to take decades; the majority of SCADA systems are not

upgraded once installed or need additional computer hardware to be

secured. Defense in depth, where corporations and municipalities are

parties as well as the Department of Defense and other federal agen-

cies, offer the best prospect for defending these systems. e most

able components in these defensive layers reside within the federal

sphere. e question is that if cyberdefense fails, what could happen?

e environmental ramifications have no ...