
53Waste from Metal Processing Industries
copper production from ore. The amount of copper production and consumption is
shown in Table2.14.
2.3.1 slag
Slag is the main waste that is generated during copper production from smelter and
converter. Production of 1 tonne of copper generates approximately 2 to 3 tonnes
of slag (Gupta etal., 2012) with approximately 24.6 million tonnes being generated
globally each year (Biswas and Satapathy, 2010). The utilization of copper slag has
covered many applications and these have been reviewed (Gorai etal., 2003; Wang
etal., 2011).
The slag from the convertor process for copper has been used to recover ...