CHAPTER 1

Causality

In our obscurity—in all this vastness—there is no hint that help will come from elsewhere to save us from ourselves. It is up to us.

—Carl Sagan*

Society’s demands, in principle, are expectations arising out of ethical motives. When a joint-stock company is formed, by and large society welcomes such a business endeavor and participates willingly. The stock market is one of the points of investment for society and it is society’s support for a corporate that churns out profits and ensures that dividends remain robust. Society becomes apprehensive when companies falter, and investments in mutual funds and pension funds fail to payback adequate returns, resulting in the loss of hard-earned income earned over several decades of ...

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