
4 | Chapter 1
populated by people who are engaged in the con-
version of ‘black’ money into ‘white’ money and
vice versa has developed around this. The main
instruments that facilitate and sustain these ac-
tivities include shell companies, accommodation
entry operators, abuse of the participatory note
mechanism, black money real estate transactions,
and hawala.
Shell Companies and
Accommodation Entry Operators
Shell companies can be described as companies
set up by their promoters not for conducting any
business activities but for serving a wide range of
other purposes ranging from tax evasion to mon-
ey laundering. Shell companies prove to be a ...