Cyberspace and Internet 43
Errors and misuses
Errors are human failings and generally unintentional. Among the possibili-
ties, for example, are errors relating to:
• software design, development or implementation;
• defective strategic management and risk analysis;
• bad specication of policies;
• ineffective system administration and operational management;
• faulty uses of a system or a service; or
• the understanding of a situation or a risk assessment;
The causes of errors can be diverse: an absence of training or informa-
tion, incompetence, fatigue, a stressful working environment, a moment of
inattention, or misconguration. An error that has been identied, but then is
repeated because no remedial action has been undertaken, is a failing. ...