
470 Data Analysis and Statistics for Geography, Environmental Science, and Engineering
and the value of the scale parameter α (0 ≤ α ≤ 1) determines whether emphasis is placed on the
rows or columns of x. The biplot display in 2D is the plot of the row “markers” G and column
“markers” H given in Equation 14.33 for k = 2
GU
HV
1
=
=
α
−α
22
22
Γ
Γ
(14.34)
In other words, the biplot is a plot of the coordinates associated with G or columns of G, superim-
posed over the coordinates associated with H or columns of H.
Although any values of α are possible to accomplish the factorization, three are most commonly
used—1, ½, and 0. When α = 1 is selected (the or ...