
142 Data Analysis and Statistics for Geography, Environmental Science, and Engineering
in each cell and nd the frequency of joint levels or cell frequency for each cell in the table.
This is a cross-tabulation.
Now to perform a test, rst we sum the cell frequencies across both rows and columns and place
the sums in the margins, which are the marginal frequencies. The lower-right-hand corner value
contains the sum of either the row or the column marginal frequencies; both must be equal to the
total number of observations n.
The test assesses whether or not one factor has effects on the other. Effects are relationships
between the row and colum ...