Modules have the ability to provide dynamic library definitions and alter libraries. A module can use the hook_library_info() hook to provide a library definition. This is not the recommended way to define a library, but it is provided for edge use cases.
Modules do not have the ability to use libraries-override or libraries-extend, and need to rely on the hook_library_info_alter() hook. You can check out this hook in core/lib/Drupal/Core/Render/theme.api.php or at https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/core!lib!Drupal!Core!Render!theme.api.php/function/hook_library_info_alter/8.
