
454 Electrochemically Enabled Sustainability
VRF battery (48.4 mAh g
−1
, 1.26 V and 60.5 Wh kg
−1
, respectively) [59,60]. This
hybrid battery prototype consists of a graphite felt positive electrode operat-
ing in a mixed solution of 0.128 mol L
−1
VOSO
4
and 2 mol L
−1
H
2
SO
4
, and a
metal hydride negative electrode in 2 mol L
−1
KOH aqueous solution. The
two electrolytes of different pH are separated by a BPM. Detailed experimen-
tal information was reported in Ref. [60].
As shown in Figure 11.16a, the measured OCV of the vanadium–MH
cell after fully charged is around 1.93 V, which is signicantly higher than
the theoretical OCVs of the VRF battery ( ...