
464 Electrochemically Enabled Sustainability
[66]. However, the pressure required for force convection increases with the
decreasing channel size. The capacity of a pH change is also limited by the
volume of acid and alkaline in the narrow channel. There are also critical
regions in the operation that will have serious consequences when the lami-
nar ow control is lost. An analysis of the operation of these membrane-less
cells in microuidics have been discussed by Chang etal. [67].
11.10 Summary and Outlook
The working voltage of aqueous electrolyte-based electrochemical power
sources is limited by the thermodynamic window in water. Acid–al