
131Lithium Batteries
300
200
100
Volumetric expansion rate (%)
0
Li
Ti
O
LiC
6
LiAl
Li
4.4
Si
Li
4.4
Sn
Li
3
Sb
Li
3
Bi
C
AI
Si
Sn
Sb
Bi
M
+Li
Li
x
M
FIGURE 3.15
Upon the electrochemical process, xLi + M (where M can be Al, Si, Sn, Sb, Bi) alloys experience
a variation in volume that can exceed 300%.
TABLE 3.1
(See colour insert.) Summary of Characteristics and Properties of Anode
Materials Designed for Advanced Lithium-Ion Batteries
Material
Theoretical
capacity
(mAhg
–1
)
Advantages Issues Structures
Li
4
Ti
5
O
12
170
Negligible volume
expansion, low cost,
stable electrochemical
operation and high
thermal stability in
the charged–
discharged state,
already in large-scale
production
Low specific ...