
196 Electrochemically Enabled Sustainability
octahedral sites, while lithium is displaced into adjacent tetrahedral sites
[10]. Such phase transformation incorporated with the Jahn–Teller distortion
effect reduces the structural stability of layered LiMnO
2
[11,12] and, hence,
limits its cycling performance. However, the spinel Li
x
Mn
2
O
4
(0 ≤ x ≤ 2) nano-
domain structure, in situ formed in the non-stoichiometric-layered LiMnO
2
is able to spontaneously switch between a cubic spinel and a tetragonal
spinel, as illustrated in Figure 5.5 [13]. Consequently, it leads to a dramatic
improvement in capacity retention from 61% after 10 cycles (no nano