
280 Electrochemically Enabled Sustainability
is primarily attributed to the suppression of JT effect on deep discharge of
the doped spinel cathodes.
Guan etal. have synthesised nanoparticles of spinel LiMn
2
O
4
and mea-
sured the total (electronic and ionic) conductivity for better understanding
of energy storage in the material. The spinel LiMn
2
O
4
with ~500–700 nm
particles exhibits total conductivity of 1 × 10
−4
Ω
−1
/cm as against the con-
ductivity value of 10
−6
Ω
−1
/cm for micron-sized (2 μm) particles sample [38].
Li
O
Li
2
MnO
3
LiMnO
2
Li
2
Mn
4
O
9
MnO
LiMn
2
O
4
LiMnO
2
LiMn
2
O
4
Li
5
Mn
4
O
9
Li
2
MnO
3
Li
7
Mn
5
O
12
Li
6.5
Mn
5
O
12
Li
4
Mn
5
O
12
Li
2
Mn
4
O
9
4 V
3 V
3 V
λ-MnO
Mn
2
O
4
λ-MnO