
362 Electrochemically Enabled Sustainability
TABLE 9.2
Properties and Performance of All the Membranes Tested in Vanadium-Redox Flow Batteries
Membrane Structure
IEC
(mmol g
−1
)
Conductivity
(mS cm
−1
)
Permeability of
VO
2+
(cm
2
min
−1
)
Current
Density
(mA cm
−2
)
CE
(%)
VE
(%)
EE
(%)
Naon 115
[28]
— 0.91 —
7.95 × 10
−7
50 91.7 92.3 84.7
Naon/SiO
2
[14]
—
0.96 56.2 — —
> Naon
117
> Naon
117
79.9
Naon/
organic
silica/TiO
2
[15]
3
4
9
2
H
5
-O-Si-O-Ti -OC
4
H
CH
OC
H
0.95 —
4.3 × 10
−7
30 94.8 82.2 77.9
Naon/PVDF
[17]
— — — — 80
> r-Naon ≈ r-Naon
85
Naon/
SPEEK [18]
O
S
NH-R-NH
S
Nao
1.67 —
1.928 × 10
−7
50 97.6 85.3 83.3
SPEEK/
PSf-ABIm
[19]
—
1.26 —
1.12 × 10
−7
20 96.7 90.6 87.7 ...