
377Vanadium Flow Batteries
9.3.4.2 Design of Cell Stack
9.3.4.2.1 Power Output and Energy Efciency
There are two important technical parameters that need to be considered in
the design of the cell stack: power output and EE, which can be expressed as
P
out
= I
app
× A × V
ave
× N (9.1)
EE = CE × VE (9.2)
where P
out
is the power output, I
app
and P
ave
represent the applied current
density and average voltage of single cell, respectively, and A and N are the
Gasket
Current
collector
e
Membrane
Electrode
Frame with
f
low channels
Bipolar plate
FIGURE 9.25
The construction of a cell stack.
‘U’ profile
FIGURE 9.26
The ow patterns of the electr ...