gradually increasing stress applied to it it behaves
elastically up to a limiting stress and then beyond that stress plastic
deformation occurs. In the case of a tensile stress this deformation takes the
form of necking (Figure 6.1a). As the stress is increased, the cross-sectional
area of the material becomes considerably reduced until at some stress failure
occurs. The fracture shows a typical cone and cup formation, which results
because under the action of the increasing stress small internal cracks form
which gradually grow in size until there is an internal, almost horizontal ...
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