
149Understanding Sea Level Rise and CoastalHazards
temperature is estimated to be about −0.6°C (Grinsted et al. 2009), although it is
uncertain if this would fully account for any lagged effect of the combustion of
fossil fuels should it become clearly detectable and prominent.
We briey look at the role of climate subject to global warming, followed
by scientic and engineering research issues related to responses and pre-
diction of impacts.
4.4 Climate Impacts
4.4.1 Coastal Storms
Vulnerability-and-risk analysis is the rst step in any coastal impact assessment
for considering appropriate site-specic responses associated with a particular