
246 Engineering Response to Climate Change
2. Real time feedback: Experts in education have long known that
immediate feedback is a critical element of behavior change. Much
of the discussion about efciency has been about the efciency of
appliances, but behavior change has an even larger potential for
energy conservation (see Lutzenhiser 1993)—that is, whole con-
sumption categories could be eliminated. Automakers such as BMW
have, for over 20 years, provided a real-time fuel efciency indica-
tor just below the speedometer—eliciting permanent annoyance or
a lighter touch on the pedal from BMW owners. In a similar fashion,
it is thought that ...