174 Ergonomics in the Automotive Design Process
and the spinal column (disc between the L5/S1 joint; L5 = 5th lumbar vertebrae and S1 =
1st sacral vertebrae). The guideline also suggests that reducing longitudinal distance from
the bumper edge to load area or engine compartment will reduce the bending involved in
placing loads and lifting hoods.
2. Bend at knees rather than bend at back: This guideline will help reduce stresses in the
lower back (L5/S1 region) and place more load in the leg muscles during lifting.
3. Work at knuckle height: Lifting load from a lower height (lower than standing knuckle
height) will increase load in the L5/S1 disc. Lifting load above the standing chest and shoul-
der levels will increase load in the upper ...