
204 Ergonomics in the Automotive Design Process
R
b
= reectance of the background (fL/fc)
(Note: Typical retroreectance values of dry pavements range from about 0.03 to 0.10 [Bhise et al.,
1977b]. Wet pavement retroreection values range from about 0.005 to 0.04 [Bhise et al., 1977b].
Pedestrian summer and winter clothing reectance range typically from 0.02 to 0.50 and 0.02 to
0.30, respectively [Bhise et al., 1977b].)
E
lt
= illumination from the left headlamp falling on the target (fc)
E
rt
= illumination from the right headlamp falling on the target (fc)
E
lb
= illumination from the left headlamp falling on the target background (fc)
E