ESD

3Analog Design Circuits

3.1 Analog Circuits

Analog circuits are significantly different from digital circuits from many perspectives. Analog circuits differ from digital networks comprising many basic functional circuit blocks (Figure 3.1). Examples of fundamental analog circuits include the following [1–12]:

Figure 3.1 Analog design circuits.

• Differential receivers
• Comparators
• Current sources
• Current mirrors
• Voltage regulators
• Bandgap regulators
• Oscillators
• Digital-to-analog converters (DAC)
• Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs)

With these functional circuit blocks, different requirements exist:

• Architecture and domain isolation
• Cross-domain signal line requirements
• Layout and floor planning restrictions
• Power supply requirements (e.g., low voltage to high voltage)
• Matching requirements
• Symmetry requirements
• Printed circuit board (PCB) placement

3.2 Single-Ended Receivers

Receiver design and architecture are very important for analog, digital, and radio frequency (RF) applications. Receivers are very sensitive to electrostatic discharge (ESD) events [13–21]. Human body model (HBM) and charged device model (CDM) events can lead to ESD failures. In the following sections, examples of single-ended and differential receivers will be shown.

3.2.1 Single-Ended Receivers

Single-ended receivers are used in both analog and digital receiver designs. Single-ended receivers can be formed ...