
360 CHAPTER 13 Software Project Management
experience. Therefore, almost all experienced managers would attach some
amount of buffers to the estimate.
While the basic principles are still the same, the early 1980s version of
COCOMO has been significantly modified and has evolved into COCOMO
II. In the past 20 years, the development process has changed from the tradi-
tional waterfall model to more iterative processes, the development technol-
ogy has moved from structured programming to object-oriented
programming, and the usage operational environment has evolved from
batch to transactional to highly interactive online web. The development tools
hav ...