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Excel金融建模
book

Excel金融建模

by Posts & Telecom Press, Shmuel Oluwa
May 2024
Intermediate to advanced
211 pages
3h 41m
Chinese
Packt Publishing
Content preview from Excel金融建模

第8章 比率分析

大多数人会通过查看历史利润来评估公司。虽然历史利润是应该考虑的指标之一,但仅凭这一个指标就做出决策可能产生错误。正如在第7章“现金流量表”中所述,利润并不总是等同于现金,如果利润没有现金流的支持,即使利润再高,公司也可能会倒闭。

比率分析考察的是公司的盈利能力、流动性、资产利用效率、负债管理水平和市场价值。每个比率都取自财务报表中的两个重要科目,通过研究科目之间的关系,加深对公司的盈利能力、流动性等的了解。

本章涵盖以下主题:

  • 比率分析的意义和好处;
  • 比率的种类及其计算公式;
  • 解读比率;
  • 理解比率分析的局限性;
  • 利用比率分析来寻找财务水平稳定的公司。

比率的计算方法是用一个科目的金额除以另一个科目的金额,如“净利润额”除以“销售额”。但是,不能从财务报表中随意挑选科目进行相除,应该选择有意义的科目计算比率,以提供有助于决策的信息。在“净利润”除以“销售额”的例子中,这个比率被称为“净利润率”,反映每一元的销售额能产生多少净利润。

比率通常以百分比表示,也可以“天”或“次”为单位。净利润率为20%是指在扣除所有相关的税费后,公司还保留20%的销售额作为净利润。换句话说,当期的净利润是销售额的20%。这些比率有助于引导管理层和部门负责人注意值得关注的领域;值得注意的是,在一段时间内持续计算这些比率具有极大的参考价值。

对于公司的外部利益相关者,如投资者,比率分析尤其重要。管理层拥有第三方无法获得的内部信息,因而可以从当年的比率中提取更多的信息。投资者只能从已公布的财务报表中获取信息。比率的计算需要跨越一定的报表期间,以确保计算结果能真实反映公司的业绩。计算出的比率应该和类似的公司或行业标杆进行比较。这些对比对象的比率还应作为预测的基础。 ...

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Publisher Resources

ISBN: 9781836207535