
3
Dose–exposure and exposure–response
models for longitudinal data
This chapter introduces the mo st commonly used models in dose–exposur e
(DE) and exposur e–response (ER) modeling for repeated measures from mul-
tiple indiv iduals. For ER models we assume that the response and expos ures
are measured at the same time. The role of the exp osure mo de l in ER modeling
may not be obvious at this stage, but in the next chapters its importance will
be seen clearly. This chapter will cover se veral common types of response mea-
sures, including longitudinal continuous measures and categorical outcomes
such as tumor sizes, biomarker measures and occurrence ...