* Modified from Robert C. Pozen, “The Case for Professional Boards,” Harvard Business Review 88, no. 12 (December 2010): 50-58. Copyright © 2010 by Harvard Business Publishing. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission.

* To their credit, Citigroup has reformed their board in the period since I wrote this article. The board is now smaller, and more members are industry experts.

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