
126 Forensic Engineering Fundamentals
e loss of head can now be determined from Equation 5.43, or
h
l
(. )( )( /)
(. /)()
.
0 01014 100 10
2322 1
16
2
2
ft ft s
ft sft
ft
Open Channel Flow
As the name implies, open channel ow is partially open to the atmosphere. is type of
ow includes rivers, streams canals, culverts, umes, and pipes owing under the inu-
ence of gravity. is type of ow is not under pressure as with a piping system in a house
that always ows full. Generally, we refer to a canal as an open conduit either covered or
uncovered and utilized to carry water. If the canal is supported on or above the ground
surface it is referred to as a ...