
222 Forensic Engineering Fundamentals
e shearing force distributed over both menisci is then 1389/2 = 694 lb. e area of the
meniscus is approximately 400 mm
2
. e tensile stress on the meniscus is
400
400
77
2
mm
mm
MPa
2
.
(7.56)
Since the tensile failure stress is approximately 17 MPa, the force is approximately 45% of
that required for failure.
Injuries of the Hand, Wrist, and Elbow
e upper part of the arm contains the humerus the biceps and the triceps. Tendons and
ligaments help with the attachments at the shoulder and the elbow. Some of the more com-
mon types of injuries of the upper arm include fractures of the humerus, biceps ten