CHAPTER 16

A Machine for Grinding Out Conclusions

AI is a family trying to survive a world fearful if not hostile every day. Mother asks the right question. What is special about this family, and how does it get through the world with its creations? As with many of the chapters herein, answers begin with a story of origins.

British neurologist W. Grey Walter began work in 1948 on a pair of robotic creatures named Elmer and Elsie individually and tortoises collectively. They moved around seeking light, avoiding obstacles, and engaging in a kind of mating dance.

Walter’s tortoises were early experiments in cybernetics, a field for the exploration of specific aspects of human thought in machines.

The philosophy emphasizes machines that act rather ...

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