
49Principles of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and Friction
TABLE3.1
Typical Thermodynamic Forces and Flows during Various Processes
Effect Sliding
Heat
Transfer Diffusion
Volume
Viscosity
Electric
Field
Shear
Viscosity
Chemical
Reaction
Dry
Friction
Phase
Transition Fracture
Plastic
Yield
Force
−
k
V
−
E
−
V
0
−
A
l
xy
∂
a
2
p
Flow V q J
k
p
υ
I P
0V
Rank Vector Vector, volume density Tensor, volume
density
Scalar, volume
density
Scalar
(volume)
Scalar
(length)
Scalar
(volume)