Representative DR Algorithms in Smart Grid 317
where U
ES,i
(t, x
i
) represents the “energy equivalent,” i.e., the service provided
by appliance i of consuming x
i
units energy. The relationship between them
can refer to appendix in [28]. λ
ES,i
(t) is the monetary value assigned to each
unit of “energy equivalent” at time slot t. λ(t) is energy price given by whole-
sale market. P (t, x) is the amount of hourly energy purchased from wholesale
market when local PV generation is short. This mathematical optimization
problem is solved and compared by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) [31]
and its variations.
These results can be readily extended to situations with more appliances.
However, the maximum available energy capacity allocated to a household
should ...