3Green Energy in Africa, Asia, and South America
Daniel de Castro Assumpção1, Marcelo Hamaguchi2, José Dilcio Rocha3, and Adriano P. Mariano*,1
1University of Campinas (UNICAMP), School of Chemical Engineering, Campinas, SP, Brazil
2Valmet, Araucária, PR, Brazil
3Embrapa Agroenergy ‐ The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Brasília, DF, Brazil
3.1 Introduction
Green energy has been increasing steadily worldwide, and in 2015 more than half of all added power generation capacity came from renewables. In comparison to 2004, investments grew by more than six times, reaching almost $300 billion. China alone was responsible for about 36% of the rise in investment. On the other hand, while investment in Africa also increased, in Brazil it fell by 10%, mostly due to an economic recession (Frankfurt School, UNEP, BNEF 2016). Whereas these numbers express the widespread consensus among nations that investments in green energy are needed to reduce the risks of climate change, in practice the speed of transformation is dictated by the particular socioeconomic and environmental characteristics of each country or region.
In this chapter, we attempt to elucidate the transformation rates and respective driving forces, as well as contrary forces found in three very distinctive regions: South America, Africa, and Asia (Southeast Asia and China). For example, located in South ...
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