book

Handbook of Optical Design, 3rd Edition

by Daniel Malacara-Hernández, Zacarías Malacara-Hernández

December 2017

Intermediate to advanced

585 pages

13h 50m

English

CRC Press

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1.1 Wave Nature of Light and Fermat’s Principle1.1.1 Gradient Index of Refraction1.2 Reflection and Refraction Laws1.2.1 Reflection Laws1.2.2 Refraction Laws1.2.3 Vectorial Form of Refraction Laws1.3 Basic Meridional Ray Tracing Equations1.3.1 Meridional Ray Tracing by the L–U Method1.3.2 Meridional Ray Tracing by the Q–U Method1.4 Gaussian or First-Order Optics1.4.1 Paraxial Ray Tracing by y–nu Method and Matrix Ray Tracing1.5 Image Formation1.6 Stop, Pupils, and Principal Ray1.6.1 Telecentric Systems1.7 Delano’s Relation1.8 Optical Sine Theorem1.9 Lagrange Invariant1.10 Herschel Invariant and Image MagnificationsReferences
2.1 Thin Lenses2.2 Formulas for Image Formation with Thin Lenses2.3 Nodal Points of a Thin Lens2.4 Image Formation with Converging Lenses2.5 Image Formation with Diverging LensesReferences

3.1 Focal Length and Power of a Lens System3.2 Image Formation with Thick Lenses or Systems of Lenses3.3 Cardinal Points3.4 Image Formation with a Tilted or Curved Object3.5 Thick Lenses3.6 Systems of Thin Lenses3.7 The Lagrange Invariant in a System of Thin Lenses3.8 Effect of Object or Stop Shifting3.8.1 Shifting the Stop3.8.2 Shifting Object and Image Planes3.9 The Delano y – y Diagram3.9.1 A Shift of the Stop3.9.2 A Shift of the Object and ImageReferences
4.1 Introduction4.2 Axial Chromatic Aberration4.2.1 Axial Chromatic Aberration of a Thin Lens4.2.2 Achromatic Doublet4.2.3 Achromatic Doublet with Separated Elements4.2.4 Axial Chromatic Aberration Correction with One Glass4.2.5 Spherochromatism4.3 Conrady’s D – d Method of Achromatization4.4 Secondary Color Aberration4.4.1 Apochromatic Triplet4.5 Magnification Chromatic Aberration4.5.1 Stop Shift Equations for Chromatic Aberrations4.5.2 Correction of the Magnification Chromatic Aberration4.5.3 Magnification Chromatic Aberration Correction with One GlassReferences
5.1 Spherical Aberration Calculation5.2 Primary Spherical Aberration5.2.1 Spherical Aberration of a Thin Lens5.2.2 A System of Thin Lenses5.2.3 Spherical Aberration for a Plane-Parallel Plate in Converging Light5.3 Aspherical Surfaces5.4 Spherical Aberration of Aspherical Surfaces5.5 Surfaces without Spherical Aberration5.5.1 Refractive Spherical Surfaces5.5.2 Reflective Conic Surfaces5.5.3 Descartes’ Ovoid5.6 Aberration Polynomial for Spherical Aberration5.6.1 Caustic5.7 High-Order Spherical Aberration5.7.1 Aberration Balancing5.8 Spherical Aberration Correction with Gradient IndexReferences
6.1 Introduction6.1.1 Introduction to Off-Axis Aberrations6.1.2 Oblique Rays6.1.3 Off-Axis Aberrations Definitions6.2 Petzval Curvature6.3 Coma6.3.1 Offense against the Sine Condition6.3.2 Coma Contribution of Each Surface6.3.3 Coma in a Single Thin Lens6.4 Astigmatism6.4.1 Coddington Equations6.4.1.1 Tangential Image6.4.1.2 Sagittal Image6.4.1.3 General Expression6.4.2 Relations between Petzval Curvature and Astigmatism6.4.3 Comatic and Astigmatic Images6.5 Aplanatic Surfaces6.5.1 Aplanatic Refractive Spherical Surfaces6.5.2 Aplanatic Wassermann–Wolf Surfaces6.6 Distortion6.7 Off-Axis Aberrations in Aspherical Surfaces6.8 The Symmetrical Principle and the Bow–Sutton Conditions6.9 Stop Shift Equations6.10 Aberrations of the PupilReferences
7.1 Wavefronts in an Optical System7.2 Ray Aberrations and Wavefront Aberrations7.3 Wavefront Aberration Polynomial7.3.1 H. H. Hopkins Wavefront Aberration Polynomial for Centered Systems7.3.2 Kingslake Wavefront Aberration Polynomial for Centered Systems7.3.3 Seidel Wavefront Aberration Polynomial for Centered Systems7.3.4 High-Order Buchdahl Aberration Polynomials for Centered Systems7.3.5 Wavefront Aberration Polynomials for Noncentered and Asymmetric Systems7.4 Zernike Polynomials7.5 Fitting of Wavefront Deformations to a Polynomial7.6 Wavefront Representation by an Array of Gaussians7.7 Wavefront Aberrations in Refractive Surfaces7.7.1 Analysis of the Optical Path Difference Equation7.8 Wavefront Aberrations in Reflective Surfaces7.9 Aldis TheoremReferences
8.1 Transverse Aberration Polynomials8.1.1 Axial, Tangential, and Sagittal Plots8.1.1.1 Axial Plots8.1.1.2 Tangential Plots8.1.1.3 Sagittal Plots8.2 Transverse Aberrations with H. H. Hopkins, Seidel, and Buchdahl Coefficients8.2.1 Transverse Aberrations and Ray Plots with Buchdahl Coefficients8.2.1.1 Spherical Aberration8.2.1.2 Coma8.2.1.3 Astigmatism8.2.1.4 Distortion8.3 Meridional Ray Tracing and Stop Position Analysis8.4 Spot Diagram8.4.1 Geometrical Spot Size8.4.2 Radial Energy Distribution8.5 Wavefront Deformation8.5.1 Calculation from Transverse Aberrations Data8.5.2 Direct Calculation of the Optical Path8.5.3 Conrady’s Method to Compute Wavefront Deformations8.6 Point and Line Spread Function8.7 Optical Transfer Function8.7.1 Geometrical Optical Transfer Function8.8 Tolerance to Aberrations8.8.1 Curvature and Thickness TolerancesReferences
9.1 Huygens–Fresnel Theory9.2 Fresnel Diffraction9.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction9.3.1 Circular Aperture9.3.2 Annular Aperture9.4 Diffraction Images with Aberrations9.5 Strehl Ratio9.6 Optical Transfer Function9.6.1 OTF and Strehl Ratio9.7 Resolution Criteria9.8 Gaussian Beams9.8.1 Focusing and Collimating a Gaussian BeamReferences
10.1 Tunnel Diagram10.2 Deflecting a Light Beam10.3 Transforming an Image10.4 Deflecting and Transforming Prisms10.4.1 Deflecting Prisms10.4.2 Retroreflecting Systems10.5 Nondeflecting Transforming Prisms10.5.1 Inverting and Reverting Prisms10.5.2 Rotating Prisms10.6 Beam-Splitting Prisms10.7 Chromatic Dispersing Prisms10.7.1 Equilateral Prism10.7.2 Constant-Deviation Prism10.7.3 Nondeflecting Chromatic Dispersing Prism10.8 Nonimaging PrismsReferences
11.1 Optical Systems Diversity11.2 Magnifiers and Single Imaging Lens11.2.1 Magnifiers11.2.2 Biocular Magnifiers11.2.3 Single Imaging Lens11.3 Landscape Lenses11.4 Periscopic Lens11.5 Achromatic Landscape Lens11.6 Doublets11.6.1 Nonaplanatic Doublet11.6.2 Air-Spaced Doublet11.6.3 Cemented Aplanatic Doublet11.6.4 Apochromatic Lenses11.7 Laser Light Collimators11.8 Spherical and Paraboloidal Mirrors11.8.1 Off-Axis Aberrations of Spherical Mirrors11.8.1.1 Spherical Aberration11.8.1.2 Coma11.8.1.3 Astigmatism11.8.1.4 Petzval Curvature11.8.2 Concave Spherical Mirror11.8.2.1 Spherical Aberration11.8.2.2 Coma11.8.2.3 Astigmatism11.8.2.4 Petzval Curvature11.8.3 Concave Paraboloidal Mirror11.8.3.1 Spherical Aberration11.8.3.2 Coma11.8.3.3 Astigmatism11.8.4 Convex Spherical Mirror11.9 Some Catoptric and Catadioptric Systems11.9.1 Mangin Mirror11.9.2 Dyson System11.9.3 Offner System11.10 F-Theta Lenses11.11 Fresnel Lenses and Gabor PlatesReferences
12.1 Introduction12.1.1 Main Parameters in Photographic Lenses12.2 Asymmetrical Systems12.2.1 Petzval Lens12.2.2 Telephoto Lens12.2.3 Cooke Triplet12.2.4 Tessar Lens12.3 Symmetrical Anastigmat Systems12.3.1 Dagor Lens12.3.2 Dialyte Lens12.3.3 Double Gauss Lens12.4 Varifocal and Zoom LensesReferences
13.1 The Human Eye13.1.1 Eye Aberrations13.2 Ophthalmic Lenses13.2.1 Ophthalmic Lens Magnifying Power13.3 Ophthalmic Lens Design13.3.1 Tscherning Ellipses13.3.2 Aspheric Ophthalmic Lenses13.4 Prismatic Lenses13.5 Spherocylindrical LensesReferences
14.1 Resolution and Light-Gathering Power14.1.1 Diffraction Effects and Atmospheric Turbulence14.1.2 Visual Limit Magnitude of a Telescope14.1.3 Photographic and CCD Limit Magnitude of a Telescope14.2 Reflecting Two-Mirror Cameras and Telescopes14.2.1 First-Order Design of Two-Mirror Systems14.2.2 Two-Mirror Telescope Light Shields14.3 Catadioptric Cameras14.3.1 Schmidt Camera14.3.2 Bouwers Camera14.3.3 Bouwers–Maksutov Camera14.3.4 Anastigmatic Concentric Schmidt–Cassegrain Cameras14.3.5 Flat-Field Anastigmatic Schmidt–Cassegrain Cameras14.4 Astronomical Telescopes14.4.1 Newton Telescope14.4.2 Cassegrain Telescope14.4.2.1 Spherical Aberration14.4.2.2 Coma14.4.2.3 Astigmatism14.4.2.4 Petzval Curvature14.4.2.5 Distortion14.4.3 Ritchey–Chrétien Telescope14.4.4 Dall–Kirham Telescope14.4.5 Gregory Telescope14.4.6 Schmidt–Cassegrain Telescope14.4.7 Maksutov–Cassegrain Telescope14.4.8 Coudé and Nasmyth Focus Configurations14.5 Field Correctors14.5.1 Single-Field Flattener14.5.2 Ross Corrector14.5.3 Wynne Corrector14.5.4 Aspheric Correctors14.6 Multiple-Mirror Telescopes14.7 Active and Adaptive OpticsReferences
15.1 Visual Optical Systems15.1.1 Exit Pupil Location in Visual Optical Systems15.1.2 Optical Models of the Human Eye15.2 Basic Telescopic System15.3 Afocal Systems15.3.1 Two-Mirror Afocal Systems15.4 Visual and Terrestrial Telescopes15.4.1 Galilean Telescopes15.4.2 Terrestrial Telescope with Erecting Eyepiece15.4.3 Terrestrial Telescope with Erecting Prisms15.5 Telescope Eyepieces15.5.1 Huygens and Ramsden Eyepieces15.5.2 Kellner Eyepiece15.5.3 Symmetrical or Plössl Eyepiece15.5.4 Orthoscopic Eyepiece15.5.5 Erfle Eyepiece15.6 Relays and Periscopes15.6.1 Indirect Ophthalmoscope15.6.2 EndoscopesReferences
16.1 Compound Microscope16.1.1 Microscope Aperture and Resolving Power16.2 Microscope Objectives16.2.1 Low-Power Objectives16.2.2 Lister Objectives16.2.3 Amici Objectives16.2.4 Oil Immersion Objectives16.2.5 Other Types of Objectives16.2.6 Reflecting Objectives16.2.7 Compact Disc Objectives16.3 Microscope Eyepieces16.3.1 Huygens Eyepieces16.3.2 Wide-Field Eyepieces16.4 Microscope IlluminatorsReferences
17.1 Image Projectors17.2 Main Projector Components17.2.1 Lamp17.2.2 Condenser17.2.3 Projection Lens17.3 Coherence Effects in Projectors17.4 Anamorphic Projection17.5 Slide and Movie Projectors17.6 Overhead Projectors17.7 Profile Projectors17.8 Television Projectors17.9 LCD Computer and Home Theater ProjectorsReferences
18.1 Basic Principles18.2 Optimization Methods18.3 Glatzel Adaptive Method18.4 Constrained Damped Least-Squares Optimization Method18.4.1 Linearization of the Problem18.4.2 Use of the Lagrange Multipliers18.4.3 Matrix Representation18.4.4 Numerical Calculation of Matrix Solution18.4.5 Use of the Weight Factors18.5 Merit Function and Boundary Conditions18.5.1 Merit Function18.5.1.1 Color Averaging18.5.1.2 Field Averaging18.5.1.3 Distortion18.5.2 Boundary Conditions18.5.2.1 Axial Optical Thickness18.5.2.2 Edge Optical Thickness18.5.2.3 Average Lens Thickness18.6 Modern Trends in Optical Design18.6.1 Global Optimization and Simulated Annealing18.7 Flowchart for a Lens Optimization Program18.8 Practical Tips for the Use of Lens Evaluation Programs18.8.1 Curvature, Thickness, and Separation Sign Conventions18.8.2 Curvature or Radii of Curvature Specification18.8.3 Thickness and Separation Specification18.8.4 Some Useful Tricks18.9 Some Commercial Lens Design ProgramsReferences

Overview

This classroom-tested reference is an invaluable resource for students, engineers, and scientists in the field of optical technology and applications. In one volume, it covers the fundamentals of geometric optics and their application to lens design. The book incorporates classic aspects along with modern methods, tools, and instruments. It offers practical details and specifications for optical system design, in addition to the latest computing techniques to evaluate them. The third edition includes new and updated material, more design examples, and clearer figures, some now in color.