The nature and extent of any biases in treatment can be examined by considering
the results of tests of natural chemicals and synthetic chemicals for carcinogenicity. For
each of these classes of chemicals, government agencies use the results of animal studies
to ascertain the maximum tolerated dose of the chemical. Based on such tests, about
half of all tested natural chemicals and half of all synthetic chemicals have been found
to be rodent carcinogens (Ames and Gold, 1990; Ames et al., 1990). Such carcinogens
are present in widely consumed products that would be judged to be very safe based
on the absolute ...
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