policies are sometimes flawed in ways that can be ameliorated by grounding policies in
proper assessment of the expected benefits and costs.
The presence of risk and uncertainty creates a potential role for informational poli-
cies that assist in indicating the magnitude of the environmental risks. Warnings and
various right-to-know efforts are often effective, low-cost ways of mitigating risk expo-
sure. Economic studies have also illuminated the characteristics of informational efforts
that have made certain information programs particularly effective.
As our understanding of environmental hazards has evolved ...
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